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002 - organology (III) > (01) Skin (Inegumentary System) > Flashcards

(01) Skin (Inegumentary System) Flashcards

1
Q

1-3. skin is comprised of what three things?

A
  1. epithelial covering
  2. its derivatives (hair, glands, hooves, horns and claws)
  3. associated connective tissue
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2
Q

(Function Characteristics)

1-6. What are the six?

A
  1. protection
  2. regulation of body temp
  3. secretion
  4. sensory organ
  5. communication
  6. reflects physiological condition of the animal
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3
Q

(Function Characteristics)

(Protection)

  1. What is the most important function of skin?
A
  1. barrier between internal and external (UV, injury, bacteria, dessication)
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4
Q

(Function Characteristics)

(Regulation of body temp)

  1. what is mediated by the hair coat and adipose tissue?
  2. what is mediated by cutaneous blood supply in some animals and sweat glands?
A
  1. insulation
  2. heat dissipation
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5
Q

(Function Characteristics)

(secretion)

1-3. from what three glands?

A
  1. sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands
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6
Q

(Function Characteristics)

(Sensory Organ)

1-4. innervation of skin provides what four sensations?

A
  1. pain
  2. touch
  3. pressure
  4. temp

(largest sensory organ of body)

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7
Q

(Function Characteristics)

(Communication)

1-2. gives off odors that accomplish what?

A
  1. govern sexual behavior
  2. helps animals identify each other and territories
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8
Q

(Function Characteristics)

(Reflects the physiological condition of the animal)

  1. alterations may reflect what?
A
  1. a variety of external and internal disease processes

(endocrine disorders, nutritional problems - vit a deficiency is characterized by very dry, hardened skin, dry lack-luster hair and hair loss)

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9
Q

(Function Characteristics)

(Reflects physiological condition of the animal)

(Example: Dry Coat, feels like a brillo pad)

1-3. What are three things that cause this?

A
  1. not getting enough of the right types of fatty acids to maintain a healthy coat - could be due to diet or digestive problems - such as bowel or liver disease - that prevent fatty acids and other essential nutrients from flu being absorbed
  2. any internal illness - from flu to diabetes - can cause a dry coat
  3. in older dogs - hypothyroidism can cause a dry coat
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10
Q

(Organization of Skin)

1-2. skin is divided into what two things?

  1. Epidermis is of what origin?
A
  1. epidermis
  2. underlying dermis
  3. stratified squamous epithelium of ectodermal origin
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11
Q

(Epidermal Cell Types)

1-4. What are the four types?

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. melanocytes
  3. langerhaans cells
  4. merkel cells
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12
Q

(Epidermal Cell Types)

(keratinocytes)

  1. majority or minority of cells?
  2. arranged in how many layers?
A
  1. majority
  2. 5 layers
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13
Q

(Epidermal Cell Types)

(Melanocytes)

  1. derived from what?
  2. These “octopus” like cells produce what?
  3. what happens to the melanin?
  4. What is a type of very aggressive and metastatic cancer that arises from the uncontrolled mitosis and migration of these cels?
A
  1. neural crest
  2. the pigment, melanin, from tyrosine
  3. they don’t retain it - but pass it on to neighboring keratinocytes which carry it up through layers of skin
  4. melanoma

(commonly occurs in dogs with pigmented skin)

(melanomas can occur in areas of haired skin (usually benign), where they usually form small, dark (brown to black) lumps. They can also occur in the mouth, toes, or behind the eye (these are typically malignant)

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14
Q

(Epidermal Cell Types)

(Langerhaans Cells)

  1. what type of cells?
  2. located in what?
  3. play a pivotal role in induction of what?
  4. they are very important in what type of responses?
  5. following an encounter with antigen these cells mirgrate where where they interact with what?
A
  1. dendritic cells
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. cutaneous immune responses
  4. allergic responses
  5. draining lymph nodes; t-cells
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15
Q

(Epidermal Cell Types)

(Merkel Cells)

  1. these cells are ubiquitously distributed in skin of what?
  2. couple with axon terminals to form what?

(Clinical note)

  1. form what kind of tumors in cats? in dogs?
A
  1. vertebrates
  2. slowly adapting mechanoreceptors
  3. malignant tumors (merkel cell tumor); benign
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16
Q

(Layers - from basement membrane to surface)

1-5. name them

A
  1. stratum basale (germinativum)
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum
  5. stratum corneum
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17
Q

(Layers)

(Stratum Basale (Germinativum)

  1. innermost
  2. how many layers?
  3. cell type?
  4. light right against what boundary?
A
  1. one
  2. cuboidal to low columnar keratinocytes
  3. dermo-epidermal boundary
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18
Q

(Layers)

(Stratum Spinosum)

  1. polyhedral cells that comprise the majority of what?
  2. with LM they appear to have what protruding out from them? connecting them to what? with EM these bridges are actually sites of what?
A
  1. epidermis
  2. spines or “hairs”; adjacent cells; desmosomes (which hold adjacent cells together)
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19
Q

(Layers)

(Stratum Granulosum)

  1. thin layer whose keratinocytes still retain a nucleus and contain what? as well as what?
  2. is it uniform in distribution? always present?
A
  1. large basophilically stained keratohyalin granules (granular pre-keratin material); membrane-coating granules
  2. no; not always in thin skin
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20
Q

(Layers)

(Stratum Lucidum - latin for “clear layer”)

  1. lightly stained, thin layer of flattened dead cells
  2. with or without nuclei or organelles that contatin densely packed keratin filaments
  3. this layer is only found in what kind of skin?
A
  1. without
  2. only found in thick hairless skin
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21
Q

(Layers)

(Stratum Corneum)

  1. outermost keratinized layer of flattened cells (squames)
  2. These dead cells are filled with what embedded in what?
  3. What happens to the outermost cells in normal process of wear and tear?
A
  1. keratin filaments embedded in an amorphous matrix
  2. sloughed off
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22
Q

(Keratinization - process involving the formation of keratin)

(Keratin Proteins)

  1. What is the structural protein that forms the cytoskeleton of all keratinocytes?
  2. keratin are a principal part of the cells of what?
  3. What are the two subtypes of keratin proteins?
A
  1. keratin
  2. epidermis, hair, nails, feathers, hooves, and the enamel of teeth
  3. soft and hard keratin
23
Q

(Keratinization - process involving the formation of keratin)

(Soft keratin)

1-2. two characteristics

A
  1. elastic
  2. desquamates (To shed, peel, or come off in scales) (example: skin)
24
Q

(Keratinization - process involving the formation of keratin)

(Hard keratin)

  1. more or less sulfur than soft keratin?
  2. more or less elastic?
  3. more or less permanent?
  4. resistant to what?
  5. does it desquamate?
A
  1. more
  2. less
  3. more
  4. degradation
  5. no
    (example: nails, horns, hoofs)
25
Q

(Formation of Keratin)

  1. synthesis of filaments begins in what? which synthesizes how many of the four subtypes of keratin found in epidermis? the others are synthesized in what?
  2. aggregation of filaments occurs in what?
  3. cells of the stratum spinosum also form what kind of granules? these later release their lipid rich contents into what to form what?
A
  1. stratum basale; 2 of 4; stratum spinosum
  2. superficial cells of the stratum spinosum
  3. membrane-coating granules (MCG); intercellular space to form a waterproof permeability barrier
26
Q

(Formation of Keratin)

(2 of 3)

  1. What granules appear in close assocation with the filaments in the stratum granulosum?
  2. the non-keratin proteins released by these granules cause what to do what?
A
  1. keratohyalin granules (non-membrane bound granules)
  2. keratin filaments to associate into thicker bundles

(Thus keratohyalin granules serve to sequester non-keratin proteins like loricirn and filaggrin and keep them separated from other cellular constituents until they are required in the stratum lucidum from other cellular constituents until they are required in the stratum lucidum for keratin filaments to form highly ordered structures known as macrofibrils)

27
Q

(Formation of Keratin)

(3 of 3)

  1. degradation of the nucleus and loss of cellular organelle begins in what layer of stratum granulosum? completed in what?
  2. formation of a filament-matrix complex of keratin occurs in the what?
A
  1. most superficial layer; stratum lucidum and stratum corneum
  2. stratum corneum
28
Q

(Dermis - corium)

  1. layer of skin immediatelly deep to what?
  2. derived from what?
  3. composed of what?
  4. Most accessory structures (hair, glands, etc) are embedded in the dermis
  5. consists of what two layers?
A
  1. the epidermis
  2. mesoderm
  3. connective tissue
  4. papillary layer and renticular layer
29
Q

(Dermis)

(Papillary layer)

  1. what is the character?
  2. Contains what and what arranged in loose networks?
A
  1. subepithelial loose connective tissue (capillaries)
  2. thin collagen and elastic fibers
30
Q

(Dermis)

(Reticular Layer)

  1. what character?
  2. very thick in what two animals?
  3. how thick in carnivores?
  4. Comprised of what type of collagen fibers packaged into large bundles? associated with what? contains epidermally derived what?
A
  1. dense connective tissue layer
  2. horse and cow
  3. thin
  4. type 1; networks of thick elastic fibers; hair, sweat, and sebaceous glands
31
Q

(Hypodermis (subcutis)

  1. subcutaenous layers (superficial fascia), part of the skin?
  2. Consists of a somewhat looser but still irregular connective tissue that anchors the dermis to the underlying connective tissue of the deep fascia, pericondrium, etc
  3. animals in good condition will have large depots of what in it?
A
  1. not technically
  2. fat
32
Q

(Clinical Considerations)

(Squamous Cell Carcinoma)

  1. neoplasia of cells of the what?
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma is a common tumor involving the skin and accounts for what percentage of cutaneous tumors in the cat? in the dog?
  3. SCCs are usually found in what type of skin?
A
  1. stratum spinosum
  2. 15%; 5%
  3. unpigmented or lightly pigmented
33
Q

(Clinical Considerations)

(melanoma)

  1. melanocytic tumors represent what percentage of all canine neoplasms
  2. the most common malignant tumor of canine what and what?
A
  1. 4-7%
  2. oral cavity and digits

(melanomo tumors in dogs, more than most cancers, demand immediate attention since early recognintion can lead to more successful attempts at removal and identification of the grade or stage of cancer. Malignant melanomas can metastasize (spread) to any area of the body especially the lymph nodea and lungs and present very challenging and dangerous prospects for the dog. Cats seem much less susceptible to melanoma tumors than dogs)

34
Q

(Accessory Structures of the Skin)

  1. Accessory structures of the skin include what?
  2. Although these structures are anchored in the dermis or hypodermis; they are in fact derived from what?
A
  1. hairs and two types of glands (sweat and sebaceous)
  2. epidermis
35
Q

(Accessory Structures of the Skin)

(Hair)

  1. hair itself is dead, but it is produced by what?
  2. pigmentation in hair comes from what?
A
  1. living keratinocytes at the base of the hair (hair bulb)
  2. melanocytes (just like skin pigmentation)
36
Q

(Accessory Structures of the Skin)

(Hair follicle)

  1. a sac from which a what grows; what opens into this?

(functions)

  1. give me four functions?

(Types of hair follicles)

[a hair follicle is a hair producing unit]

  1. what are the two types?
A
  1. a hair grows; sebaceous (oil) glands
  2. insulation, camouflage, sex recognition, social purposes
  3. single (simple) follicle and compound follicle
37
Q

(Accessory Structures of the Skin)

(Types of Hair Follicles)

(Single (simple) follicle)

  1. one hair emerges from a single opening
  2. found in what animals?
A
  1. horse, cattle, pig and sheep (face, ear, distal portions of limb)
38
Q

(Accessory Structures of the Skin)

(Types of Hair Follicles)

(Compound follicle)

  1. several hairs emerge from a single opening
  2. found in what animals
  3. consists of what kinds of hairs?
A
  1. cat, dog, sheep (wool growing area)
  2. long principal (guard) hair and a 7-20 of smaller, soft auxillary (wool) hairs (undercoat).
39
Q

(Accessory Structures of the Skin)

(Strcutre of Hair Follicles)

(Hair Bulb)

  1. consists of the what and what?
  2. located at the base of the what?
  3. comprised of what cells that give rise to layers of hair? and to what else? What sends chemical signal that induce the germial matrix to proliferate?
A
  1. hair root and dermal papilla
  2. hair follicle
  3. germinal matrix cells; internal and external epithelial root sheaths; dermal papilla (plays an important role in hair growth cycle)
40
Q

(Accessory Structures of the Skin)

(Strucutre of Hair Follicles)

(Hair Bulb)

  1. what forms center base of hair bulb?
  2. What is the part of a hair that is embedded in a hair follicle? It contains epithelial cells that actively divide aabout what? Hair root produces how many layers? What forms the inner 3 layers - the outer 2?
A
  1. dermal papilla
  2. hair root; dermal papilla; 5; hair shaft; hair sheath
41
Q

(Accessory Structures of the Skin)

(Structures of Hair Follicles)

(Hair Shaft)

  1. the non-growing portion of a hair, which protrudes from the skin.
  2. Consists of the inner three layers of the hair root - characteristics are species specific
  3. what are the three regions?
A
  1. cuticle, cortex, and medulla
42
Q

(Accessory Structures of the Skin)

(Structures of Hair Follicles)

(Hair Shaft)

(Cuticle)

  1. hard, thin outermost layer of hair
  2. comprised of a single layer of what?
  3. interdigitates with what?
A
  1. flat, keratinized cells with overlapping edges
  2. cuticle of internal epithelial root sheath
43
Q

(Accessory Structures of the Skin)

(Structures of Hair Follicles)

(Hair Shaft)

(Cortex)

  1. consists of what? form the bulk of what?
  2. what may be present imparting hair color?
A
  1. compact, dead keratinized cells that form the bulk of the hair shaft
  2. pigment
44
Q

(Accessory Structures of the Skin)

(Structures of Hair Follicles)

(Hair Shaft)

(Medulla)

  1. what region of the shaft?
  2. present in all hairs?
  3. comprised of flattended cells separated by what?
A
  1. central region
  2. may be absent
  3. numerous air spaces
45
Q

(Accessory Structures of the Skin)

(Structures of Hair Follicles)

(Hair Sheath)

  1. outer 2 layers from hair root (around hair shaft)
  2. what are the two layers?
A
  1. internal (inner) epithelial root sheath and external (outer) epithelial root sheath
46
Q

(Accessory Structures of the Skin)

(Structures of Hair Follicles)

(Hair Sheath)

(Internal (inner) epithelial rooth sheath)

  1. formed from the periphery of the what?
  2. surrounds the what?
  3. usually ends where?
A
  1. germinal matrix
  2. hair root
  3. somewhere around the point of input of the sebaceous glands
47
Q

(Accessory Structures of the Skin)
(Structures of Hair Follicles)
(Hair Sheath)

(External (outer) epithelial root sheath)

  1. adjacent to what?
  2. similar in structure and continuous with what?
  3. is upper or lower part usually keratinized?
A
  1. the internal root sheath
  2. the stratum germinativum
  3. upper part
48
Q

(Accessory Structures of the Skin)
(Structures of Hair Follicles)
(Arrector Pili muscle)

  1. smooth muscle with origin at what?
  2. inserts onto the outside of the follicle - when it contracts it functions to do what? What is this termed - occurs in reaction to what?
  3. innervated by what?
  4. most evolved in what?
A
  1. epidermal/dermal junction
  2. erect the hair; termed piloerection; occurs in response to cold, anger, or fear
  3. sympathetic nervous system
  4. furry animals (increases insulation aganst heat loss)
49
Q

(Cyclic Activity of Hair)

1-3. What are the three growth periods?

A
  1. anagen (growth period)
  2. catagen (period of involution)
  3. telogen (resting phase)

(and then look at slide on ipad - its on there…)

50
Q

(Glands of the Skin)

  1. What are simple, coiled tubular glands seen as hollow more or less circular profiles in tissue sections with walls composed of low cuboidal epithelium
  2. what are the two types?
A
  1. sweat (sudoriferous) glands
  2. eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands
51
Q

(Glands of Skin)

(Sweat Glands)

(eccrine sweat glands)

  1. small glands that are widely distributed and produce a what secretion
  2. mainly a mechanism for what?
  3. restricted to what of carnivores?
  4. of ungulates?
  5. ruminants and swine?
A
  1. watery
  2. cooling
  3. foot pads
  4. frogs
  5. nasolabial region
52
Q

(Glands of Skin)

(Sweat Glands)

(Apocrine Sweat Glands)

  1. larger glands with cuboidal epithelium that produce what kind of secretions?
  2. most common where in dogs and cats?
  3. most numerous and extensive in what animals?
  4. These are the most common type found in what?
  5. What is produced and emitted by the apocrine glands?
A
  1. foamy and oily
  2. groin, axilla, and scrotum
  3. horses
  4. domesic animals
  5. pheromones (a sexually attracting chemical)
53
Q

(Sebaceous Glands)

  1. Simple (often branched) acinar glands that open into a hair follice how far up the shaft?
  2. they secrete what?
  3. sebum gives hair its what?
  4. oily sebum also acts as a what for the skin and hair?
A
  1. about halfway
  2. sebum (lysed cells and accumulated lipids containing precursors of vitamin D)
  3. sheen
  4. lubricant

002 - organology (III) (5 decks)

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