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MT6321 > 02 Decalcification > Flashcards

02 Decalcification Flashcards

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1
Q

a specialized connective tissue

A

bone

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2
Q

the bone has a hard, rigid nature due to the inclusion of minerals in its ___ ___

A

osteoid matrix

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3
Q

crystalline component of the bone

A

hydroxyapatite

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4
Q

serves as a reservoir for a multitude of inorganic ions

A

hydroxyapatite

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5
Q

interfere with the accurate evaluation an examination of histologic sections

A

calcium (lime salt)

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6
Q

calcified specimen will not section properly due to the difference in ___ between ___ and ___

A

densities
calcium
paraffin

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7
Q

T/F: calcium may be present in the arteriosclerotic vessel

A

T

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8
Q

a procedure that removes calcium from calcified tissues

A

decalcification

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9
Q

Decalcification happens after ___ and before ___

A

fixation
impregnation

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10
Q

done to make the tissue soft enough to section in paraffin

A

decalcification

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11
Q

this process makes the bone thin enough for histological observation

A

grinding

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12
Q

in this process, the canaliculi and cell lacunae are well-seen

A

ground sections

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13
Q

organic compounds capable of binding with certain metals

A

chelating agents

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14
Q

chelating agents are typically very ___ and ___

A

slow acting
gentle

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15
Q

chelating agents are used for ___ ___ and ___ studies

A

electron microscopy
immunohistochemistry

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16
Q

a process whereby positively charged calcium ions are attracted to a negative electrode and subsequently removed from the decalcifying solution

A

electrophoresis

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17
Q

this reduces the effects of decalcifying agents on staining

A

post-decalcification

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18
Q

a tiny abnormal deposit of calcium salts that is often an indicator of cancer

A

microcalcification

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19
Q

microcalcification is most common in which tissue sample?

A

female breast

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20
Q

microcalcification appear as ___ ___ granular masses with lighter ___ ___

A

dark purple
purple halos

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21
Q

the purple halos in the microcalcification is stained with ___

A

hematoxylin

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22
Q

decalcifying agent:

for routine decalcification of large amounts of bony tissue

A

acids

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23
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

most common

A

nitric acid

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24
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

fastest

A

nitric acid

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25
decalcifying agent (acid): recommended for routine purposes
nitric acid
26
decalcifying agent (acid): inhibit nuclear stain
nitric acid
27
decalcifying agent (acid): destroy tissues
nitric acid
28
decalcifying agent (acid): Perenyi's fluid
nitric acid
29
decalcifying agent (acid): mot rapid decalcifying agent
Phloroglucin-Nitric acid
30
In decalcification, acid must be removed by ___ changes of EtOH
3
31
decalcifying agent (acid): slower
hydrochloric acid
32
decalcifying agent (acid): greater distortion
hydrochloric acid
33
decalcifying agent (acid): good nuclear staining
hydrochloric acid
34
decalcifying agent (acid): Von Ebner's fluid
hydrochloric acid
35
decalcifying agent (acid): slow
hydrochloric acid
36
decalcifying agent (acid): greater distortion
hydrochloric acid
37
decalcifying agent (acid): good nuclear staining
hydrochloric acid
38
decalcifying agent (acid): Von Ebner's fluid
hydrochloric acid
39
decalcifying agent (acid): safer
formic acid
40
decalcifying agent (acid): better nuclear staining
formic acid
41
decalcifying agent (acid): recommended for routine decalcification of postmortem research tissues
formic acid
42
decalcifying agent (acid): the only weak acid used extensively as a primary decalcifying agent
formic acid
43
in formic acid-sodium citrate solution, the citrate ___ decalcification by ___ the calcium
accelerates chelating
44
T/F: fixed specimens hastens decalcification
F (it slows down the digestion of cellular and other tissue components)
45
fixed specimens are damaged by ___ exposure to ___ decalcifying agents
prolonged acid
46
the most common chelating agent
EDTA
47
chelating agent: for detailed microscopic studies
EDTA
48
chelating agent: binds calcium forming an insoluble non-ionized complex
EDTA
49
T/F: overexposure to EDTA can remove proteoglycans and weaken staining
T
50
T/F: EDTA easily penetrates the tissue
F (it penetrates tissue poorly)
51
optimal binding pH of EDTA
8 and above
52
this hastens decalcification by removing calcium form formic acid containing-solution
ion exchange resin
53
in using ion exchange resin, the degree of decalcification can be measured by ___ or ___ method
physical x-ray
54
decalcifying agent: shortened time for decalcification due to heart and electrolytic reaction
electrophoresis
55
decalcifying agent: dependent upon a supply direct current to remove calcium
electrophoresis
56
decalcifying agent: satisfactory for small bone fragments
electrophoresis
57
T/F: one of the disadvantages of electrophoresis is that it can process only a limited number of specimens at a time
T
58
T/F: electrophoresis is often used a routine decalcifying agent
F (not suited for routine daily use)
59
optimum temperature for decalcification
18-30C
60
the recommended fluid to tissue volume ratio
20:1
61
ideal time for decalcification
24-48 hrs
62
the calcium ions that have been removed can saturate the solution around the specimen and prevent further decalcification if the solution is not ___ and ___ ___
agitated change regularly
63
too rapid removal of calcium can cause (4)
complete digestion of tissue marked swelling hydrolysis of bony matrix poor staining capacity of the cell
64
methods used to determine the extent of decalcification (4)
physical mechanical chemical x-ray or radiological
65
method used to determine the extent of decalcification: physical: touching or bending the tissue with ___ to determine the consistency of tissues
fingers ><
66
method used to determine the extent of decalcification: diminished consistency and softer
physical
67
method used to determine the extent of decalcification: vague and inaccurate
physical
68
method used to determine the extent of decalcification: done by pricking the tissue
mechanical
69
method used to determine the extent of decalcification: instrument used for mechanical method
fine needle or a probe
70
method used to determine the extent of decalcification: produce needle tract artifacts
mechanical
71
method used to determine the extent of decalcification: destroy important cellular details
mechanical
72
method used to determine the extent of decalcification: most ideal, sensitive, and reliable
radiological
73
method used to determine the extent of decalcification: detect even the smallest focus of calcium
radiological
74
method used to determine the extent of decalcification: very expensive
radiological
75
T/F: radiological method of determining the extent of decalcification is for mercuric chloride-fixed tissues
F (not used because of its radio-opacity)
76
method used to determine the extent of decalcification: simple, reliable, convenient
chemical
77
method used to determine the extent of decalcification: for routine purposes
chemical
78
reagents used for the chemical method which detects calcium by precipitation
Ca(OH)2 or CaC2O4
79
Chemical decalcifying solutions
concentrated NH4OH saturated (NH4)2C2O4
80
method used to determine the extent of decalcification: performed on the discarded fluid using litmus paper
chemical
81
in the chemical method of determining the degree of decalcification, a clear solution means ___
complete decalcification
81
in the chemical method of determining the degree of decalcification, a cloudiness or precipitation solution means ___
incomplete decalcification
82
this shows a marked loss of nuclear haematoxyphilia
over-decalcification
83
T/F: over-decalcification can be presented at a strongly eosin-stained tissue
T
84
reagents used for post-decalcification
saturated Li2CO3 5-10% NaHCO3
85
Decalcified samples is stored in formol saline containing ___ ___ or PBS with ___ ___ at 4C
15% sucrose 15-20% sucrose
86
tissue softeners used during decalcification (5)
Perenyi's fluid 4% aqueous phenol Molliflex 2% HCl 1% HCl in 70% alcohol

MT6321 (9 decks)

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