02 Staining & Immunohistochemistry Flashcards by 3sha Ann

Q

processes that generally employ a dye or chemical that has an affinity for the particular tissue component that is to be demonstrated

A

special staining

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Q

color of neuropathological:

Vogt’s method for Nissl subtance

A

purple

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Q

color of neuropathological stain:

Gallocyanin (Einarson’s) method for Nissl substance

A

blue

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Q

color of neuropathological stain:

modified aldehyde-thionine pas for nissl substance

A

blue

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Q

color of neuropathological stain:

Bielcschowsky method for neurofibrils

A

black

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Q

color of neuropathological stain:

Bodian’s method for nerve fibers & nerve endings

A

black

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Q

color of neuropathological stain:

Holmes method for nerve cells & fibers

A

black

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Q

color of neuropathological stain:

Luxol fast for myelin

A

blue

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Q

application of immunologic principles and techniques to the study of cells and tissues

A

immunohistochemistry

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Q

most commonly used methods for immunohistochemistry

A

peroxidase-antiperoxidase immune complex
biotin avidin immunoenzymatic technique

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Q

identify the effect on results (false neg/false pos):

antibody is inappropriate, denatured, or used at a wrong concentration

A

false neg

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Q

identify the effect on results (false neg/false pos):

loss of antigen through autolysis

A

false neg

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Q

identify the effect on results (false neg/false pos):

loss of antigen through autolysis

A

false neg

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Q

identify the effect on results (false neg/false pos):

presence of antigen is at a density below the level of detection

A

false neg

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Q

identify the effect on results (false neg/false pos):

cross-reactivity of the antibody with antigens different from the one being sought

A

false pos

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Q

identify the effect on results (false neg/false pos):

nonspecific binding of the antibody to the tissues

A

false pos

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Q

identify the effect on results (false neg/false pos):

presence of endogenous peroxidase in some cellular elements

A

false pos

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Q

identify the effect on results (false neg/false pos):

entrapment of normal tissues by the tumor cells

A

false pos

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Q

four main stages of immunohistochemistry

A

fixation
antigen retrieval
blocking
antibody labeling and visualization

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Q

stage in immunohistochemistry:

to keep everything in its place

A

fixation

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Q

stage in immunohistochemistry:

to minimize pesky background signals

A

blocking

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Q

stage in immunohistochemistry:

to get pretty pictures

A

antibody labeling and visualization

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Q

in conventional immunohistochemistry, single immunohistochemical methods are used through ___

A

3,3’-diaminobenzidine (DAB)

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Q

a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) substrate that is used for secondary HRP-conjugated antibody detection

A

3,3’-diaminobenzidine (DAB)

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the two commonly used chromogens

DBA (brown) AP (red)

chromogen used for most applications as it provides strong and permanent stains

DAB

chromogen used mainly for skin sections

AP Red

ubiquitous contractile protein responsible for cell motility

actin

oncofetal antigen that is the major plasma component of the fetus

alpha fetoprotein

major sources of alpha fetoprotein

live visceral endoderm of yolk sac

monoclonal antibody that reacts with high molecular weight glycoprotein

B72.3

differentiates mesothelioma and pulmonary adenocarcinom

B72.3

monoclonal antibody directed against an epitope on the protein molecule of two glycoproteins on the surface of glandular epithelial cells of endodermal derivation

Ber-EP4

differentiates adenocarcinoma and mesothelioma

Ber-EP4

vitamin K dependent protein that constitutes approximately 20% of noncollagenous protein in bone

Bone GLA protein

detected in osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma

Bone GLA protein

carbohydrate antigen

CA19-9

used in the diagnosis and monitoring of pancreatic carcinoma

CA19-9

positive reaction are obtained in most pancreatobiliary adenocarcinomas and transitional cell carcinoma

CA19-9

transmembrane glycoproteins located in desmosomes

E-Cadherins

in E-cadherins, the ductal carcinoma of the breast will show ___ (posi/neg)

positive

in E-cadherins, the lobular carcinoma of the breast will show ___ (posi/neg)

negative

cytoskeleton associated actin binding protein present in contractile cells

calponin

document the presence of myoid differentiation

calponin

calcium binding protein expressed by various types of mesothelial, epithelial, and stromal cells

calretinin

calretinin differentiates from mesothelioma from ___ ___

lung adenocarcinoma

found in synovial sarcomas, sex cord stroma, adamantinoma, and cardiac myxoma

calretinin

glycoprotein normally detected in the glycocalyx of fetal cells, particularly those of mucin secreting nature

Carcinoembryonic Antigen Antibody

Carcinoembryonic Antigen Antibody is expressed in ___ (small/large) quantities in carcinomas

large

identifies neprilysin

CD10

reactive for a variety of female genital tract tumors

CD10

positive in renal cell carcinoma, and solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancrease

CD10

recognizes hapten x

CD15

differentiates lung adenocarcinoma from mesothelioma

CD15

identifies hematopoietic progenitor antigen ER-MP12 which is identical to PECAM1

CD31

marker for a subset of normal lymphocytes

CD57

reacts with small variety of neural, neuroendocrine and prostatic adenocarcinomas

CD57

mainly used for the diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma/PNET

CD99

transmembrane tyrosine kinase expressed by cajal's interstitial cells, melanocytes, mast cells, and germ cells

c-KIT

identifies c-KIT

CD117

encodes a transcription factor that plays an important role in proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells

CDX2

acidic glycoproteins located in the soluble fraction of neurosecretory granules

chromogranin/ synaptophysin

in ___, nearly all types of neuroendocrine tumors are reactive

chromogranin/ synaptophysin

muscle type intermediate filament found in smooth and striated muscle cells

desmin

used in identification of smooth muscle and skeletal muscle tumors

desmin

desmin is abundant in ___ ___ ___

parenchymal smooth muschle

indicator of probable response to EDFR inhibitors

epidermal growth factor receptor

tyrosine kinase anchored on the cell membrane

epidermal growth factor receptor

glycoprotein present in human milk fat globule membrane

epithelial membrane antigen

excellent marker for most normal and neoplastic epitherlium

epithelial membrane antigen

expressed by mesotheliomas, meningiomas, and some mesenchymal neoplasms

epithelial membrane antigen

synthesized in endothelial cells of blood vessels

factor VIII related antigen

used as a marker for endothelial cell differentiation

factor VII related antigen

one of the give major cytoplasmic intermediate filaments

glial fibrillary acidic protein

present in normal, reactive, and neoplastic astrocytes, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes

glial fibrillary acidic protein

T/F: glial fibrillary acidic protein is also documented in peripheral nerve sheath tumors

t

acts as an oncogene when over expressed; a membrane protein closely related to EGFR

HER2/ neu

give the expression percentage of HER2: breast carcinoma

22%

give the expression percentage of HER2: lung adenocarcinoma

28%

give the expression percentage of HER2: colorectal carcinoma

17%

give the expression percentage of HER2: lung squamous cell carcinoma

11%

give the expression percentage of HER2: gastric adenocarcinoma

11%

T/F: HMB-45 is useful for predicting response to herceptin

F! (it's HER2/ neu :))

monoclonal antibody obtained from malignant melanoma

HMB-45

identifies oncofetal conjugate associated with immature melanosomes

HMB-45

expressed by neural crest derivative tumors, angiomyolipomas of kidney, tuberous sclerosis

HMB-45

monoclonal antibodies for estrogen, progesterone, and androgen

hormone receptors

normally secreted by syncytiotrophoblast

hCG

two chains of hCG

alpha and beta

used to detect trophopblastic differentiation in germ cells and ectopic hormons

hCG

peptide hormone produced by granulosa cels

inhibin

reacts positively with sex cord stromal tumors of the avary and testes, and steroid producing tumors of the adrenal gland and gonads

inhibin

T/F: keratin is a water soluble intercellular fibrous proteins

F (it is INsoluble and INTRAcellular)

an excellent marker for epithelia differentiation regardless of tumor origin

keratin

keratin: pancreas, bileducts, and urothelium, 1/3 of gastric carcinoma

CK7+ / CK20+

keratin: lungs, breast, endometrium, ovary, thyroid, salivary glands, and mesothelioma

CK7+ / CK20-

keratin: large bowel, merkel cell, 1/3 of gastric carcinoma

CK7- / CK20+

keratin: adrenal cortex, liver, kidney, adrenal gland

CK7- / CK20-

T/F: Melan A is closely associated with melanosomes

F (not related)

top choice for identification of skeletal muscle differentiation

myogenin

myogenin is strongly expressed in ___

rhabdomyosarcoma

glycolytic dimeric enzymes with isoenzymes found in neurons and neuroendocrine cells, including carcinoids and malignant melanoma

neuron specific enolase

prostate specific antigen has ___ (higher/lower) specificity than prostatic acid phosphate

higher

isoenzyme of acid phosphatase secreted by prostatic epithelium

prostatic acid phosphatase

acidic dimeric calcium binding proteins first isolated in the brain

S100

T/F: S100 doesn't stain with cytoplasmic staining

F (stains in both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining)

major glycosylates transmembrane protein isolated from neuronal presynaptic vesicles

synaptophysin

expressed in normal, reactive, neoplastic cells of neuroectodermal and neuroendocrine types

synaptophysin

major cytoplasmic intermediate filament that is characteristic of cells of mesenchymal nature

vimentin

T/F: vimentin is not exclusive to cells of mesodermal origin but also in tumors of epithelial or neural in nature

T