03 - Biomolecules

Question 1

Halocarbons

Answer 1

Single bonds , double carbon-carbon bonds

Question 2

Double lines

Answer 2

Double bonded

Question 3

Hydroxyl group?

Answer 3

(OH) , polar

Question 4

Carbonyl group?

Answer 4

Carbon double bonded to oxygen, polar

Question 5

Ketone?

Answer 5

Carbonyl group within skeleton, in the middle.

Question 6

Aldehyde?

Answer 6

Carbonyl group at the end, slanted.

Question 7

Carboxyl group?

Answer 7

(–COOH) , very polar and acidic (donates H+)

Question 8

Amino group?

Answer 8

(–NH2), very polar and basic (picks up H+)

Question 9

Sulfhydryl group

Answer 9

(–SH) or (–HS), polar, cross link in proteins

Question 10

Phosphate group

Answer 10

(–OPO3^2-), Very polar and negatively charged

Question 11

Methyl Group

Answer 11

(–CH3), Nonpolar

Question 12

Dehydration reaction

Answer 12

A dehydration reaction in biology is a type of chemical reaction where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, accompanied by the loss of a water molecule (H₂O)

Question 13

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 13

A hydrolysis reaction in biology is a chemical process in which a molecule is broken down into smaller units by the addition of a water molecule (H₂O)

Question 14

three important biomolecules that are polymers:

Answer 14

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 15

Glycosidic dehydration reaction

Answer 15

A glycosidic dehydration reaction is a specific type of dehydration reaction in which two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined together to form a disaccharide (or a larger carbohydrate, polysaccharide) through the formation of a glycosidic bond, accompanied by the loss of a water molecule (H₂O).

Question 16

Ester dehydration reaction

Answer 16

a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group

Question 17

Carbohydrates

Answer 17

include sugars and polymers of sugar

Question 18

Monosaccharides

Answer 18

(from the Greek monos, single, and sacchar, sugar) generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O, glucose is most common monosaccharide

Question 19

Polysaccharides

Answer 19

are macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Question 20

Glucose

Answer 20

Sugar (C6H12O6)

Question 21

Lipids

Answer 21

are grouped with each other because they share one important trait: They are hydrophobic

Question 22

Triglycerides

Answer 22

fat molecules, The completed fat consists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule. (Other names for a fat are triacylglycerol and triglyceride

Question 23

Fatty acids

Answer 23

A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain

Question 24

Steriods

Answer 24

are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Question 25

Cholesterol

Answer 25

a type of steroid, is a crucial molecule in animals

Question 26

Protein

Answer 26

A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.

Question 27

Amino acids

Answer 27

is an organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group

Question 28

Polypeptide

Answer 28

A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Question 29

R groups

Answer 29

a side chain specific to each amino acid that confers particular chemical properties to that amino acid

Question 30

Amino groups

Answer 30

A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+.

Question 31

Nonpolar amino acids

Answer 31

a group of amino acids that are hydrophobic, meaning they do not mix well with water.

Question 32

Polar amino acids

Answer 32

amino acids with side chains that contain electronegative atoms, such as oxygen or nitrogen, that make them hydrophilic, or water-loving

Question 33

Polar and ionic amino acids

Answer 33

either acidic or negatively charged b/c they donated proton to water, or basic- accepted a proton

Question 34

Peptide bond

Answer 34

The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.

Question 35

Primary structure

Answer 35

The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids.

Question 36

Secondary structure

Answer 36

Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the sidechains).

Question 37

Tertiary structure

Answer 37

The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges

Question 38

Quaternary structure

Answer 38

The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three- dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.

Question 39

Disulfide bridges

Answer 39

A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.

Question 40

Nucleic acids

Answer 40

A polymer (poly-nucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.

Question 41

Nucleotide

Answer 41

The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups.

Question 42

Pyrimidine

Answer 42

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are pyrimidines.

Question 43

Purine

Answer 43

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine (A) and guanine(G) are purines.

Question 44

Phosphodiester bond

Answer 44

a chemical bond that connects nucleotides in a nucleic acid chain