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[01] Basic Concepts of Human Physiology > [04] Signal Transduction > Flashcards

[04] Signal Transduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is “signal transduction” in the context of human physiology?

A

The process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another.

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2
Q

What are the three stages of signal transduction?

A
  • Reception
  • Transduction
  • Response
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3
Q

What happens during the “reception” stage of signal transduction?

A

A signal molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell surface.

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4
Q

What happens during the “transduction” stage of signal transduction?

A

The binding of the signal molecule triggers a series of changes in a series of intracellular molecules.

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5
Q

What happens during the “response” stage of signal transduction?

A

The transduced signal triggers a specific cellular activity.

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6
Q

What are the types of molecules that often serve as signal molecules?

A
  • Hormones
  • Neurotransmitters
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7
Q

What is a “hormone” in the context of signal transduction?

A

A molecule, often a protein or steroid, that is produced by one part of the body and acts on target cells elsewhere in the body.

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8
Q

What is a “neurotransmitter” in the context of signal transduction?

A

A molecule that transmits signals across a chemical synapse, such as between two nerve cells.

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9
Q

What is a “receptor” in the context of signal transduction?

A

A protein molecule that receives and responds to a signal molecule.

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10
Q

What is an example of a receptor in signal transduction?

A

The G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR).

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11
Q

What is the function of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)?

A

It activates an intracellular G-protein when it binds to a signal molecule.

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12
Q

What is a “G-protein” in the context of signal transduction?

A

A protein that binds the guanine nucleotides GDP and GTP and acts as a molecular switch.

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13
Q

What are “second messengers” in signal transduction?

A

Intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules.

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14
Q

Name two common second messengers in signal transduction.

A
  • Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
  • Inositol trisphosphate (IP3)
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15
Q

What is the function of “cyclic AMP (cAMP)” in signal transduction?

A

It amplifies the signal and activates specific protein kinases within the cell.

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16
Q

What is the function of “Inositol trisphosphate (IP3)” in signal transduction?

A

It triggers the release of calcium ions (Ca2+) from intracellular stores, modulating various cellular processes.

17
Q

How does signal transduction affect human physiology?

A

It regulates numerous physiological processes such as immune responses, sense perception, cell growth, and apoptosis.

18
Q

Define “apoptosis” in the context of human physiology.

A

The programmed cell death that occurs when a cell is damaged, unhealthy, or no longer needed.

19
Q

What is the PKA pathway in the context of signal transduction?

A

The Protein Kinase A (PKA) pathway involves the activation of PKA by cAMP, leading to the phosphorylation of various proteins.

20
Q

What is the primary signal molecule involved in the PKA pathway?

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

21
Q

What is the PKC pathway in the context of signal transduction?

A

The Protein Kinase C (PKC) pathway involves the activation of PKC, often via diacylglycerol (DAG) and calcium ions, leading to the phosphorylation of various proteins.

22
Q

What are the primary signal molecules involved in the PKC pathway?

A
  • Diacylglycerol (DAG)
  • Calcium ions (Ca2+)
23
Q

What is the TK pathway in the context of signal transduction?

A

The Tyrosine Kinase (TK) pathway involves the activation of receptor tyrosine kinases by signal molecules, triggering auto-phosphorylation and the subsequent activation of various intracellular pathways.

24
Q

What is a receptor tyrosine kinase in the context of the TK pathway?

A

A type of cell surface receptor that can phosphorylate tyrosine residues on certain proteins when activated.

25
Q

What is the IP3 pathway in the context of signal transduction?

A

The Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) pathway involves the production of IP3, which binds to IP3 receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum, triggering the release of Ca2+ and affecting various cellular processes.

26
Q

What is the primary signal molecule involved in the IP3 pathway?

A

Inositol trisphosphate (IP3)

[01] Basic Concepts of Human Physiology (13 decks)

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