(07) Mastitis I

Question 1

(2)

1. successful repo –> lactation – ?
2. what animals get mastitis?
3. animals that nurse and wean - see increased inefction rate when?
4. non-dairy animals - get primarily from what?

Answer 1

1. mastitis
2. all mammals
3. just after parturition and weaning
4. enivronment/hygiene (dairy animals can also get this way though)

Question 2

(3)

1. Why focus on dairy cows?
2. mastitis = milk quality (animal health welfare, public health, economics)

Answer 2

1. highest prevalence, economic, model

Question 3

(4)

(Dairy Jargon)

1. IMM =
2. SCC =
3. dry cows =
4. fresh cow =
5. transition period =
6. DHIA =

Answer 3

1. intramammary
2. somatic cell count
3. cows not milked for 30-60 days before calving to allow for udder regeneration and colostrogenesis
4. recently calved
5. +/- 3 weeks from calving
6. Dairy Herd Improvement Association

Question 4

(5)

1. raw milk debate
2. SCC limit is how many cells for grade A?
3. bacteria limit is what?

Answer 4

2. 750,000 cells/ml (no consquence of high SCC - just quality concern)
3. 100,000 bac/ml (“standad plate count”)

Question 5

(6)

Question 6

(7)

(other quality/safety tests for antibiotics and other chemicals)

1. all milk currently tested for what?

if found what is done with milk?

Answer 6

1. B-lactam antibiotics

dumped

(testing for more becoming more common)

Question 7

(8)

Question 8

(9)

Question 9

(10)

(What is mastits?)

1. infection/inflammation of what?
2. most due to what?

Answer 9

1 mammary gland

2. bacterial infection (Very small % of cases are trauma/inflammatory with no infectious agent)

Question 10

(11)

1. what two ways do “bugs” get in?
2. failure of what?

Answer 10

1. through teat end, hematgenous (mycloplasma only)

2 host immunity (innate and adaptive (specific))

Question 11

(12)

(Mammary Gland - innate immunity)

1. Non-specific, present in mammary gland all the time, actvated quickly
2. augmented by repeat exposure?
3. physical barrier of the teat end, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, soluble factors

Question 12

(13)

(Innate: Teat End)

1. first line of defense, physical barrier
2. Teat end contains sphincter muscle that does what?
3. Teat canal line with what?

that does what?

Answer 12

2. maintain closure between milking
3. keratin

waxy, antimicrobial properties, physical barrier to migration

Question 13

(14)

Question 14

(15)

Innate: Cellular Defense

(somatic cells - SCC)

1. normal population in mammary gland….

how many?

what predominates?

2. During infection…

how many?

what predominates?

Answer 14

1. <10^5 cells/mL

macrophages > neutrophils, lymphocytes, epi cells

2. >10^6 cells/mL

neutrophils (> 90% of cells)

(Note… activity of these cells in the udder is impaired compared to activity in the blood due to milk environment)

Question 15

(16)

(Innate: Cellular Defense)

1. early is what?
2. active is what?

Answer 15

Question 16

(17)

(Innate: Normal Microflora)

Question 17

(18)

Question 18

(19)

(Adaptive/Specific Immunity)

Question 19

(20)

(Why do animals get mastitis?)

(things that impact/impair immune defense mechanisms)

1 damage to what?

2 nutritional deficiencies.. of what?

3. immune suppression, periparturient

what 3 factors?

Answer 19

1. teat end
2. Vitamin E and Selenium
3. genetic, hormonal, physiological stress (rapid parenchymal development, onset of milk synthesis, high energy demand, etc.)

Question 20

(21)

1. When are cows most at risk?

Answer 20

Question 21

(22)

(Detection)

How do we know an animal has mastitis?

1. clincal cases are just that
2. How do we know in subclinical?

increase of what?

what else?

3. Detection is always what relative to disease?

Answer 21

2. somatic cells

parlor monitoring - decreased production, increased milk temp, conductvity, somatic cells

3. Detection always lags disease!

Question 22

(23)

(Forms of Mastitis)

Question 23

(24)

(Forms of Mastitis)

(Clinical: Severity score used)

1. grade 1/mild = ?
2. grade 2 / moderate = ?
3. grade 3/sever = ?

Answer 23

1. abnormal milk
2. +abnormal quarter (hot/red/swollen)
3. • sick cow

Question 24

(25)

(Forms of Mastitis)

(Clinical)

1. peracute = ?

ex?

2 acute = ?

ex?

3. subacute = ?

ex?

Answer 24

1. sudden onset, severe systemic signs

coliform, toxic, gangreous

2. abnormal milk, udder inflammation to mild systemic signs

mild coliforms, staph aureus

3. minimal udder inflammation, no systemic

mild environmental G+

Question 25

(26) (Clinical Syndromes) 1. most mastitis cases are mild/moderatie 2. Severe mastitis.. aka? always coliform mastitis? systemic illness due to what?

Answer 25

2. "hot" or "toxic" no (54% G-, 20% no growth, 22% G+) septicemia or toxemia (bacteria in blood 32% of acute coliform, G- = LPS toxemia)

Question 26

(27) (Subclinical) 1. what % of mastitis cases?

Answer 26

1. 70-75% (most eco signifcant due to milk loss)

Question 27

(28) (Forms of Mastitis) (Subclinical) 1. detectable changes in milk composition? 2. usually caused by what? (Chronic) persists for long periods as subclinical disease, +/- acute flare-ups (ex. Staph aureus)

Answer 27

1. no 2 Staph aureus (other G+)

Question 28

(29) (Forms of Mastitis) (note. . the following forms may be overlapping) 1. what is most common resulting in treatment by vet? 2. by dairy personnel? 3. subacute 4. which is most common, most economically significant? 5. chronic

Answer 28

1. peracute (severe) 2. acute 4. subclinical