09. L8-14 Brain and NS

Question 1

Long-term potentiation

Answer 1

long-lasting strengthening of synaptic connections due to high frequency stimulation / activation

Question 2

Long-term depression

Answer 2

long-lasting weakening of synaptic connections due to low frequency stimulation / activation

Question 3

Glutamate

Answer 3

Main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Involved in learning and memory.

Question 4

GABA

Answer 4

Gamma-amino butyric acid, main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system. involved in calming the stress response/slowing physiological arousal

Question 5

Excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 5

makes post-synaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential

Question 5

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 5

makes post-synaptic neuron less likely to fire an action potential

Question 5

Lock and Key process

Answer 5

process of neural communication in the synapse (between neurons)- “key” is neurotransmitter, “lock” is receptor site

Question 6

synapse

Answer 6

includes 3 key components- synaptic gap, pre-synaptic terminal button, and post-synaptic dendrite

Question 7

Classical conditioning

Answer 7

Learning model. Unconscious in nature/ involuntary process of creating an association between two previously unrelated stimuli

Question 8

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 8

elicits no relevant response before conditioning

Question 9

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 9

elicits reflexive/involuntary response before conditioning

Question 10

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 10

reflexive/unconscious response to UCS before conditioning

Question 11

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 11

previously the neutral stimulus, produces learned response AFTER conditioning

Question 12

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 12

learned response to CS after conditioning

Question 13

Operant conditioning

Answer 13

voluntary/conscious behaviour learned by associating antecedent with behaviour and resulting consequence

Question 14

Antecedent

Answer 14

discriminative stimulus - precedes or prompts the learner’s behaviour

Question 15

Behaviour

Answer 15

voluntary action of learner, comes after antecedent

Question 16

Consequence

Answer 16

applied after behaviour- can be reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease the likelihood of behaviour being repeated.

Question 17

reinforcement

Answer 17

increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated in future

Question 18

punishment

Answer 18

decreases likelihood behaviour being repeated in future

Question 19

Positive reinforcement

Answer 19

ADDITION of POSITIVE stimulus

Question 20

negative reinforcement

Answer 20

REMOVAL of negative/aversive stimulus (positive outcome for learner)

Question 21

Plasticity

Answer 21

Neural plasticity refers to the manner in which the brain changes in response to stimulation from the environment.

Question 22

positive punishment

Answer 22

ADDITION of NEGATIVE stimulus

Question 23

negative punishment (response cost)

Answer 23

REMOVAL of positive/desirable stimulus (bad outcome for learner)

Question 24

5 stages of developmental plasticity

Answer 24

Proliferation Migration Synaptogenesis Synaptic Pruning Myelination

Question 25

adaptive plasticity

Answer 25

Neural changes due to one or more of the following: * A change in the environmental conditions (i.e., adapting to environmental changes) * Learning new concepts * Re-learning something after brain injury.

Question 26

2 types of adaptive plasticity

Question 27

sprouting

Answer 27

**New dendrites grow to enable new connections** between neurons after damage

Question 28

rerouting

Answer 28

Neurons near damaged area **seek new active connections with healthy neurons**

Question 29

Proliferation

Answer 29

unborn baby’s neurons divide and multiply at a rapid rate

Question 30

Migration

Answer 30

new neurons in the foetus and newborn move to their location in Nervous System

Question 31

Myelination

Answer 31

development of thick myelin sheaths which speeds up neural transmission (i.e., makes messages more efficient). This process continues through to very late adolescence.

Question 32

Synaptogenesis

Answer 32

creation of multiple connections between neurons.

Question 33

Synaptic Pruning

Answer 33

the removal of connections that have not formed strong pathways and are no longer needed

Question 34

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Answer 34

* type of ABI that occurs when an *external force causes damage to the brain. * * brain slams against the inside of the skull- brain tissue may bleed, bruise, stretch, tear, twist or become swollen.

Question 35

Non-traumatic brain injury

Answer 35

damage to the brain caused by internal factors, e.g. lack of oxygen (stroke), tumor, or degenerative disease

Question 36

Parkinson's Disease

Answer 36

neurodegenerative disease classified by death of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms

Question 37

Dopamine

Answer 37

neurotransmitter involved in motivation and voluntary movement

Question 38

Biological underpinnings of Parkinson's disease

Answer 38

* Dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra die/degenerate, * leading to less Dopamine production and less available for Basal Ganglia- * therefore slowed and less coordinated motor movements (motor symptoms)

Question 39

Epilepsy

Question 40

Gut-brain axis

Answer 40

Bi-directional relationship between the brain (CNS) and gut (digestive tract/enteric NS). Gut microbiota impacts brain functioning, mental health, stress etc (and vice versa)

Question 41

Concussion

Answer 41

type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. This sudden movement can cause the brain to bounce around or twist in the skull, disrupting neuronal activity and sometimes stretching and damaging brain tissue and cells.

Question 42

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

Answer 42

neurodegenerative disease caused by repeated blows to the head/ repeated concussions. Leads to significant memory deficits, cognition problems, and mental health disorders including depression and suicide ideation.

Question 43

Neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 43

Build up of Tao proteins INSIDE neurons (within axon) which cause a tangle/clump to form that blocks transmission and leads to neuron death

Question 44

Motor symptoms of parkinson's disease

Answer 44

Tremor, rigidity, poor balance, poor posture, slowed motor movement (Bradykinesia)

Question 45

Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

Answer 45

sleep issues, fatigue, cognitive decline, depression and anxiety

Question 46

Sensitive period

Answer 46

the period of time when an organism is **more responsive to certain stimulation**

Question 47

Critical period

Answer 47

the narrow period of time where **development is preprogramed for learning to occur. If learning does not occur in this window, it will never occur.**