1-1 Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Four techniques for finding an isolated colony
A
Aseptic Technique
Pure Culture Technique
Microscopic Observation of Whole Organisms
Gram-Staining Techniques
2
Q
Define “septic”.
A
Septic involves presence of microbes; dirty
3
Q
Procedure needed for Pure Culture Technique to isolate target organism
A
Streaking
4
Q
Materials needed for Microscopic Observation of Whole Organisms
A
Agar plates, Petri dishes
5
Q
Who developed the Gram Staining Technique?
A
Hans Christian Gram
6
Q
A technique that uses special stains to differentiate microorganisms
A
Gram-Staining Technique
7
Q
Studies Related to Microbiology
A
Immunology
Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology
Food, Dairy and Aquatic Microbiology
Biotechnology
Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA Technology
8
Q
These are living things too small to be seen with the naked eye.
A
Microorganisms
9
Q
Magnification needed to see microorganisms in the microscope
A
Oil immersion 1000x
10
Q
Explain why microorganisms are closely related to macroorganisms in terms of ancestors.
A
True. Because microorganisms cannot be distinguished phylogenetically (how organisms evolved) from macroorganisms.
11
Q
True or False:
More than 90% of the cells in human bodies are microbes.
A
True.
12
Q
Three domains under “Microbial Organisms”
A
Bacteria
Archaea
Eucarya
13
Q
Bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya: Which one/s is/are prokaryotic or unicellular?
A
Bacteria and Archaea
14
Q
What are the two main types of microbes?
A
Organisms (living) like bacteria, etc. Infectious agents (nonliving) like viruses, etc.
15
Q
Four types of eukaryotic microbes
A
Algae
Protozoa
Fungi
Helminths
16
Q
Three types of Infectious Agents
A
Viruses
Viroids
Prions
17
Q
Algae, Protozoa, Fungi, Helminths: Indicate whether they are unicellular or multicellular
A
Algae: both
Protozoa: unicellular
Fungi: both
Helminths: multicellular parasites
18
Q
Algae, Protozoa, Fungi, Helminths: Which one/s is/are protists?
A
Algae and Protozoa
19
Q
Another name for “Bacteria”
A
Eubacteria (“true” bacteria)
20
Q
Where are vaccines and antibiotics produced?
A
Bacteria
21
Q
Part of bacterial cell where electron transport chain or respiration takes place
A
Cell membrane.
They don’t have mitochondria
22
Q
What is a bacterial cell wall made up of?
A
Peptidoglycan
23
Q
Resistance bodies found inside the body of a bacteria used for survival when there is lack of nutrients
A
Endospores
24
Q
Possible nutrient types for bacteria
A
Chemoheterotrophs (best group of bacteria)
Photoheterotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
Photoautotrphs
25
Examples of spore-forming bacteria and how they produce them
Clostridia (anaerobically)
| Bacillus (aerobically)
26
Diseases caused by bacteria
```
Tetanus
Botulism
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
Tuberculosis
etc.
```
27
Types of bacteria according to shape
Rod-shaped bacteria
Spherical bacteria
Spiral-shaped bacteria
28
Types of bacteria according to stain
Gram-negative
Gram-positive
Acid fast
29
Used by rod-shaped bacteria to adhere/attach to a host
Fimbriae
30
Type of bacteria that has fimbriae
Rod-shaped bacteria
31
Three types of spherical bacteria
Diplocoques
Streptocoques
Staphylocoques
32
Type of bacteria that has endoflagellum or axial filaments
Spiral-shaped bacteria
33
A domain under "microorganisms" often referred to as "extremeophiles"
Archaebacteria
34
Association of two organisms wherein one is a fungi and the other is a photosynthetic organism
Cyanobacteria
35
Give an example of a cyanobacteria
Blue-green algae
36
Two organisms associating to form a cyanobacteria
Fungi
| Photosynthetic organism
37
Nutrient type of cyanobacteria
Photoautotrophs
38
True or False:
| Cyanobacteria may cause diseases
False.
39
True or False:
| Bacterial organelles have membranes.
False.
40
True or False:
| Bacteria have cell walls.
True. They are made of Peptidoglycan.
41
These are photosynthetic aquatic prokaryotes.
Cyanobacteria
42
These are photosynthetic aquatic eukaryotes
Algae
43
Dinoflagellates are under what type of microorganism?
Algae
44
Nutrient type of algae
Photoautotrophs
45
What causes Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) (red tide)? What type of microorganism is it?
Alexandrium (algae)
46
What causes Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP)? What type of microorganism is it?
Dinophysis (algae)
47
What causes Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) (red tide)? What type of microorganism is it?
Pseudo-nitzshia multiseries (algae)
48
Unicellular or Multicellular: What type of algae usually causes poisoning?
Unicellular
49
Term used for disease-causing microorganisms
Pathogens
50
What are the two types of fungi?
Yeasts (unicellular fungi)
| Mold (filamentous fungi)
51
Nutrient type of fungi
Chemoheterotrophs
52
Function of fungal spores
Reproduction
53
Function of endospores in bacteria
For survival when there is lack of nutrients
54
What causes Recurrent Apthous Stomatitis? What type of microorganism is it?
Yeast (fungi)
55
What does "battle of microbes" mean?
When one form is destroyed, another arises (ex. Bacteria-Fungi)
56
These are single-celled organisms capable of metabolic functions
Protozoa
57
Nutrient type of protists
Chemoheterotrophs
| some are Photoautotrophs
58
When ingested, these develop into the motile form of protoza
Cysts
59
Diseases caused by protozoa
Malaria
Giardasis
Amoebic dysentery
etc.
60
True or False:
| Blepharisma, Paramecium, Peranema & Stentor are protists harmless to humans
True
61
True or False:
| Some viruses have lipid envelopes.
True. Even though they aren't cells.
62
True or False:
| All viruses are acellular.
True.
63
Parts of viruses that can encase in durable state of host
Virion particles
64
Diseases caused by viruses
```
Common cold (RNA virus)
Flu
HIV
Herpes
Chicken pox
Smallpox
etc.
```
65
True or False:
| Viruses, Viroids, and Prions are all obligate intracellular agents.
True.
66
DNA, RNA, protein coat: Which of these is/are present in a virus?
DNA or RNA
| Protein coat
67
DNA, RNA, protein coat: Which of these is/are present in a viroid?
RNA
68
DNA, RNA, protein coat: Which of these is/are present in a prion?
Protein coat
69
Benefits of studying microorganisms
Food production
Maintains ecosystem
Antibiotics/drugs (penicillin)
70
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Flemming
71
Causes buboes or the swelling of lymph nodes in the armpits and the groin
Bubonic plague
72
Term used for the use of microorganisms or other forms of life to consume and break down environmental pollutants, in order to clean up a polluted site
Bioremediation
73
Microorganism used to bioremediate in oil spills
Pseudomonas
74
The single most important achievement of modern medicine
Ability to treat or prevent microbial disease
75
Explain the Germ Theory of Disease
"Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body."
But later, it was proved that most microorganisms do not cause diseases.
76
True or False:
| Most microorganisms cause diseases.
False. It was proved that most microorganisms do not cause diseases.
77
Term used for diseases caused by microbes
Infectious diseases
78
The most common type of infectious disease worldwide
Respiratory infections (26%)
79
A neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic worms
Schistosomiasis (worms: Schistosoma)
80
What does a prokaryotic cell have that a eukaryotic cell doesn't?
Cell wall
81
What does a eukaryotic cell have that a prokaryotic cell doesn't?
Nucleus.
| It only has nucleoids or nuclear area.
82
True or False:
| All prokaryotic cells have a flagellum.
False.
| However, all eukaryotic microbes have a flagellum.
83
What are the three main components of a virus?
Envelope
Capsid
Nucleic acid
84
Examples of sterile sites in the body
Brain
Blood
Ovaries
Kidneys
85
A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis & testing
| that either supports or refutes the hypothesis
Scientific Method
86
Trace a scientific method's level of confidence
Hypothesis - Theory - Law or Principle
87
Father of Microbiology
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
88
First person to observe living microbes
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
89
Made over 500 microscopes
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
90
Magnification of Anton van Leeuwenhoek's single lens
300x
91
First person to disprove the Theory of Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis
Francisco Redi
92
Disproved spontaneous generation of microbes
Louis Pasteur
93
Describe Francisco Redi's experiment
Fresh meat placed in two jars - one left open, the other covered with cloth
No maggots appeared in closed jar
94
Describe Louis Pasteur's experiment
Unbroken swan-necked flask remains sterile.
| Broken swan-necked flask becomes contaminated.
95
Developed aseptic techniques
Louis Pasteur
96
Developed rabies vaccine
louis Pasteur
97
Showed that specific microorganisms cause a particular disease
Robert Koch
98
Developed pure culture methods
Robert Koch
99
Explain the Koch's postulate
--
100
Examples of durable states of microbes
```
Endospores (bacteria)
Fungal spores (fungi)
Cysts (protists)
Virion particles (viruses)
```
101
Explain sporulation
When evironmental conditions no longer support cell growth, vegetative cell dies, and endospore (with bacteria's genetic material) is released in the environment where it can survive
102
True or False:
| An endospore can germinate and form a viable vegetative cell.
True.
103
Discovered that there exist differences in the ability of heat to kill different kinds of bacteria-containing cultures
John Tyndall
104
Discovered that the differences in the ability of heat to kill different kinds of bacteria-containing cultures is due to endospores
Ferdinance Cohn
105
Showed that the bacterium Bacillus anthracis forms endospores as a part of its transmission
Robert Koch
106
Enumerate the levels of taxonomy from most general to most specific
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
107
Among the three domains, which has/have a membrane defined nucleus?
Eukarya
108
Among the three domains, whose membrane lipids is/are ester-linked?
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
109
Among the three domains, which has/have membrane acid in cell walls?
Bacteria
110
Among the three domains, which has/have 70S ribosomes?
Bacteria
| Archaea
111
Among the three domains, which has/have 80S ribosomes?
Eukarya
112
Among the three domains, whose RNA polymerase is most complex or has the largest number of subunits?
Eukarya
113
Among the three domains, which is/are sensitive to erythromycin and chloramphenicol/streptomycin?
Bacteria
114
What antibiotics are bactieria sensitive to, in which Archaea and Eukarya are not?
Erythromycin
| Chloramphenicol/streptomycin
115
True or False:
| Evolution usually progresses toward greater complexity.
True.
116
Organisms that thrive in an environment with high CO2 levels
Capnophiles
117
Organisms that thrive in high salt concentration
Halophiles
118
Organisms that thrive in high alkaline concentration
Alkalophiles
119
Organisms that thrive in highly acidic conditions
Acidophiles
120
Draw the energy pyramid
--
121
Three causes of water contamination (?)
Sewage
Animal Wastes
Wild animals
122
True or False:
| Bacteria have cell membranes.
True.
They use it for respiration.
Their organelles don't have membranes though.
