1-2 The Bacteria Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
Two types of living cells according to ultrastructure
A
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
2
Q
Instead of a nucleus, what do prokaryotes have?
A
Nucleoids or Nuclear area
3
Q
True or False:
The region in a prokaryote containing the chromosomes has a surrounding membrane.
A
False.
Prokaryotes don’t have membrane-bound organelles.
4
Q
True or False:
Prokaryotic DNA is associated with histone proteins.
A
False
5
Q
Process or reproduction of a prokaryote by dividing into two parts that each have the potential to grow the size of the original
A
Binary Fission
6
Q
Bacteria found in the stomach, intestines, skin, etc. to prevent growth of pathogenic organisms and to maintain a healthy environment in a particular organ
A
Normal flora
7
Q
Size range of a bacterial cell structure
A
0.2 to 2.0 micrometers in diameter
2 to 8 micrometers in length
8
Q
Characteristic of having different shapes at one time
A
Pleomorphic
9
Q
Characteristic of having one shape at a time
A
Monomorphic
10
Q
Term used for bacteria with a round shape
A
Cocci
11
Q
Term used for bacteria with a rod/box shape
A
Bacilli
12
Q
Term used for bacteria with a twisted shape
A
Spiral
13
Q
Prefix for bacteria arranged in pairs
A
Diplo-
14
Q
Prefix for bacteria arranged in a chain-like pattern
A
Strepto-
15
Q
Prefix for bacteria arranged in clusters
A
Staphylo-
16
Q
Round bacteria arranged in 2 planes (in groups of 4)
A
Tetrad
17
Q
Round bacteria arranged in 3 planes (in cube-like groups of 8)
A
Sarcinae
18
Q
Type of spiral bacteria with curved rods
A
Vibrio
19
Q
Disease caused by Vibrios
A
Cholera
20
Q
Type of spiral bacteria which are helical and rigid
A
Spirilla
21
Q
What is the specific shape of spiral probiotics (good bacteria)?
A
Spirilla
22
Q
Type of spiral bacteria which are helical and flexible
A
Spirochetes
23
Q
Diseases caused by Spirochetes
A
Leptospirosis
Syphillis
24
Q
Structure external to bacterial cell wall
A
Glycocalyx
25
Composition of glycocalyx
Polysaccharides (most of the time)
| Polypeptides (sometimes)
26
Two forms of glycocalyx
Capsule
| Slime layer
27
Form of glycocalyx that is organized and attached to cell walls
Capsule
28
Form of glycocalyx that is unorganized and loosely attached
Slime layer
29
Form of glycocalyx that may be seen in special stains
Capsule.
| It has rigid layers organized in a tight matrix so it is possible to be seen.
30
Form of glycocalyx that is more difficult to be seen.
Slime layer.
| Because it is more easily deformed and does not exclude particles
31
Form of glycocalyx that contains a biofilm
Slime layer
32
What does a biofilm of a slime layer protect a bacteria from?
```
Host defenses (i.e. mechanical flushing)
Specific cell defenses (i.e. antibodies, cell-mediated immunity)
Toxic agents (i.e. chemicals, irradiation, antibiotic action)
```
33
Form of glycocalyx that contributes to bacterial virulence
Capsule
34
Form of glycocalyx that serves as a barrier (inhibits nutrients from exiting the cell)
Capsule
35
Form of glycocalyx that protects from phagocytosis
Capsule
36
Appendages that can be found outside the cell wall
Flagella
Axial Filament
Fimbriae and Pili
37
Three parts of a flagellum (outermost to innermost)
Filament
Hook
Basal body
38
A protein found in a flagellum's filament
Flagellin
39
Part of the flagellum that anchors to cell wall and plasma membrane
Basal body
40
Four types of flagella
Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous
41
Type of flagella: one flagellum in a bacteria
Monotrichous
42
Type of flagella: many at one end
Lophotrichous
43
Type of flagella: flagella at both poles
Amphitrichous
44
Type of flagella: many over the whole bacteria
Peritrichous
45
Function of a flagellum
Motility
| moves the cell by rotating from the basal body
46
Types of movement of flagella
Positive taxis
| Negative taxis
47
Movement toward an attractant (i.e. nutrients)
Positive taxis
48
Movement away from a repellant (ex. antibody)
Negative taxis
49
Appendage usually only seen in spirals
Axial filament
50
Allows bacteria to spin by contracting and flexing
Axial filament
51
Allows bacteria to move by rotating from the basal body
Flagellum
52
Bundles of fibrils that arise at the end of the cell beneath the outer sheath and the spiral around the cell
Axial filament
53
Appendages usually seen in Gram-negative bacteria
Fimbriae and Pili
54
Hair-like appendages that are short, straighter, and thinner than flagella
Fimbriae and Pili
55
Appendages used for attachment
Fimbriae and Pili
56
Appendage that attach to certain types of cells
Fimbriae
57
Appendage that attach to another bacteria for sexual conjugation
Pili
58
Referred to as "common pili"
Fimbriae
59
Fimbriae or Pili:
| Which is longer?
Pili
60
Polysaccharides that make up the cell wall
Peptidoglycan/Murein
| They are chemically called Murein, but if Murein is in bacterial cell wall, it's called Peptidoglycan
61
Composition of a peptidoglycan
Linear glycan chains
| Cross-linked peptides
62
Significance of the linear arrangement of glycan chains in the cell wall
Provide rigidity and flexibility
63
Two linear glycan chains in murein
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
| N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
64
Three amino acids in the peptide cross-links unique to the cell wall
D-glutamic acid
D-alanine
Mesodiaminopimelic acid (DAP)
65
Species of bacteria whose glycocalyx is composed of polypeptides because its capsule contains D-glutamic acid
Bacillus anthracis
66
Function of amino acids in peptidoglycan
Provide resilience
67
True or False:
| Different amino acids are found in different genera of bacteria.
True
68
Layers of a Gram-positive cell wall (outermost to innermost)
(thick layer of) Peptidoglycan with Teichoic/Lipoteichoic acid
Perioplasmic space
69
Layers of a Gram-negative cell wall (outermost to innermost)
```
Outer membrane with Lipopolysaccharides
Inner membrane
Peptidoglycan with Lipoproteins
Periplasmic space
Note: They contain Transport porins
```
70
Gram-positive cell wall : Teichoic acid ::
| Gram-negative cell wall : ?
Transport porins
71
Responsible for the shape of the cell
Cell wall
72
Part of bacterial cell that protects it from changes in osmotic pressure
Cell wall
73
Part of bacterial cell that serve as anchorage for flagella, pili, and fimbriae
Cell wall
74
Part of bacterial cell that contributes for pathogenicity
Cell wall
75
Site of action of some antibiotics
Cell wall
76
Part of bacterial cell that is used to differentiate major types of bacteria
Cell wall
77
Three types of cell walls
Gram-positive CW
Gram-negative CW
Atypical CW
78
Composition of Teichoic acids
Ribitol
Glycerol
Phosphate groups
79
Functions of Teichoic Acids
```
Attachment to cell membrane
Antigenic determinant (provides antigenic specificity for straining or for stereotyping certain gram-positives)
Bind and regulate movement of cations
Allow entry of essential nutrients
Prevent cell lysis
```
80
True or False:
| 50% of Gram-positives have teichoic acid and they are covalently bonded to NAM (rather than NAG)
True
81
Part of a cell wall also called "bag of enzymes" that degrade macromolecules, protect against toxic intruders and bind to essential nutrients
Periplasmic space
82
Most important component of the outer membrane of the Gram-negative cell wall
Lipopolysaccharides
83
Three parts of the lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of the Gram-negative cell wall
```
O-polysaccharide (for antigenicity)
Core polysaccharide
Lipid A (endotoxin)
```
84
Part of the lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane that is known as the endotoxin
Lipid A
85
Endotoxins released into the body when bacteria lyse will eventually lead to what?
Septic shock
86
Part of the Gram-negative cell wall that serves as protection from phagocytosis, and provides a barrier to certain antibiotics, digestive enzymes and dyes
Outer membrane
87
True or False:
| Transport porins contain channels that may make the bacteria vulnerable to attack.
True
88
What stain colors to seen in cell walls after Gram staining?
Gram-positive: violet
Gram-negative: pink/red
Others: n/a
89
Gram-positive or Gram-negative: Which has a thicker peptidoglycan layer?
Gram-positive
90
Gram-positive or Gram-negative: Which contains Teichoic acids?
Gram-positive (50%)
91
Gram-positive or Gram-negative: Which has a larger Periplasmic space?
Gram-negative
| Sobrang liit lang ng sa Gram-positive, kailangan pa ng cryo-electron microscope
92
Gram-positive or Gram-negative: Which has a high lipopolysaccharide content?
Gram-negative
93
Gram-positive or Gram-negative: Which has a high lipid and lipoprotein content?
Gram-negative
94
How many rings in a basal body of a flagellum is found in a Gram-positive cell wall? In Gram-negative?
Gram-positive: 2
| Gram-negative: 4
95
What toxin is produced in a Gram-positive cell wall?
Exotoxins
| some, endotoxins
96
What toxin is produced in a Gram-negative cell wall?
Endotoxins
97
Gram-positive or Gram-negative: Which is more resistant to physical disruption and drying?
Gram-positive
98
Gram-positive or Gram-negative: Which has a higher susceptibility to penicillin?
Gram-positive
99
Gram-positive or Gram-negative: Which has a higher susceptibility to streptomycin and chloramphenicol?
Gram-positive.
| These antibiotics attack cell wall. Gram-positive has thicker cell wall.
100
Type of toxin actively released by organism
Exotoxin
101
Type of toxin released when bacteria lyses
Endotoxin
102
Exotoxin or Endotoxin: Which shows symptoms of toxicity faster?
Exotoxin
103
Gram-positive or Gram-negative: Which shows symptoms of toxicity faster?
Gram-positive
| Because it primarily produces exotoxins
104
Three bacteria with atypical cell walls
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia
Mycobacterium
105
Smallest bacteria; Has no cell wall; Plasma membrane contains sterols to protect cell from lysis
Mycoplasma
106
Bacteria with Mycolic acid as its cell wall
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
107
True or False:
| Mycolic acid is thicker than Peptidoglycan layer
True
108
True or False:
| The cell membrane is internal to the cell wall.
True
109
What can destroy the cell membrane?
Alcohols (antiseptic)
| Polymyxins (antibiotic)
110
What does the cell membrane consist of?
Mesosomes
Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins
111
Inner folds of the plasma membrane
Mesosomes
112
Polar or Non-polar: Which side of the phospholipid bilayer is exposed to the outside of the cell membrane?
Polar ends (Hydrophilic phosphate and glycerol)
113
Two types of proteins in the cell membrane
Peripheral proteins
| Integral proteins
114
Type of cell membrane protein that act as enzymes
Peripheral proteins
115
Type of cell membrane protein that contain channels for trans, energy production, nutrient processing, and synthesis of structural molecules
Integral proteins
116
Part of the cell that detects environmental cues for chemotaxis
Cell membrane
117
Part of the cell that functions for energy production and respiration
Cell membrane
118
Part of the cell that controls the transport of essential nutrients
Cell membrane
119
Cytoplasm is mainly composed of what?
80% water
120
Three major structures of the cytoplasm
Nuclear area
Ribosomes
Inclusion
121
Two parts of the nuclear area
Bacterial chromosome
| Plasmids
122
Composed of a single, long, circular molecule of a double stranded DNA
Bacterial chromosome
123
Small circular DNA molecules; miniatures of bacterial chromosomes
Plasmids
124
Contain extrachromosomal genetic material
Plasmids
125
Found in plasmids; necessary for virulence/pathogenicity of the organism
Extrachromosomal genetic material
126
Site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
127
Gives cytoplasm a granular appearance
Ribosomes
128
Each ribosome subunit is composed of what?
Protein
| Ribosomal RNA
129
What are the subunits of a bacterial ribosome?
Overall: 70S
Subunits: 50S and 30S
130
What are the subunits of a human ribosome?
Overall: 80S
Subunit: 60S, 40S
131
What is the significance of human ribosomal subunits being different from a bacteria's?
Some antibiotics attack the 50S or 30S ribosomes.
| If we had the same subunits, antibiotics would kill us as well.
132
Part of bacterial cytoplasm used as source of energy in case of stressful conditions
They serve as reserved deposits
Inclusion
133
Content of endospores that make them survive extreme heat, lack of water and exposure to toxic chemicals and radiation
Water
| Calcium dipocolinate
134
Four parts of an endospore (most internal to most external)
```
Spore membrane (syn. to cell membrane)
Thick cortex (syn. to cell wall)
Insoluble structural proteins
Exosporium (syn. to glycocalyx)
```
135
Processes undergone by endospores
Sporulation (vegetative to endospore)
| Germination (endospore to vegetative once there is enough nutrients)
136
Eight bacteria virulence factors
```
Capsules
Adhesins
Invasiveness
Exoenzymes
Toxins
Intracellular pathogenicity
Antigenic heterogeneity
Requirement for iron
```
137
Most common virulence factor in bacteria
Capsule
138
Bacterial virulence factor that avoid phagocytosis
Capsule
139
Bacterial virulence factor that attach to mucosal cell by making it more hydrophobic
Adhesins
140
Bacterial virulence factor that helps bacteria seep through epithelial cells
Invasiveness
141
Bacterial virulence factor that modify and inactivate antibiotics.
Exoenzymes
142
What makes exoenzymes resistant to antibiotics?
Beta-lactamase
143
Give three differences between endotoxin and exotoxin.
--
144
Bacterial virulence factor that has an ability to live and survive inside immune cells by forming a phagosome that doesn't fuse with lysosome
Bacterial virulence factor that
145
Bacterial virulence factor provided by capsule but method differs in some species (not through capsule)
Example: arthropod-borne infection transmitted through ticks
Antigenic heterogeneity
146
Bacterial virulence factor that is essential for bacterial metabolism. It is captured by siderophores.
Iron
147
Iron-bonding factors that capture iron from host and feed on it
Siderophores
148
Four possible nutrient types in bacteria
Photoautotroph
Photoheterotroph
Chemoautotroph
Chemoheterotroph
149
Two types of requirements in microbial growth
Physical
| Chemical
150
Three physical requirements for microbial growth
Temperature
pH
Osmotic pressure
151
Four types of bacteria according to the temperature required for their microbial growth (from coldest to hottest)
Psychrophiles
Psychrotrophs
Mesophiles
Thermophiles
152
pH required for microbial growth
6.5-7.5 (usually)
153
Differentiate extreme halophiles from facultative halophiles.
Extreme halophiles: require high salt concentration
| Facultative halophiles: can grow at low salt concentration
154
Classification of bacteria based on chemical requirements
```
Obligate aerobe
Facultative anaerobe
Obligate anaerobe
Aerotolerant anaerobe
Microaerophile
```
155
Differentiate facultative anaerobe and aerotolerant anaerobe.
--
156
What does agar replicate in bacterial division?
Generation time
157
Four phases of bacterial growth curve
Lag phase
Log phase (goes up)
Stationary phase
Death phase (goes down)
158
Four ways genetic material and plasmids can be transferred
Transduction (bacterial virus DNA to bacteria)
Transformation (naked DNA to another cell)
Conjugation
Translocation or transposition (exchange of DNA sequences)
