(1/13/15) Intro to Bacterial Infection and Surface Structures (Bailey)

Question 1

_____ infections are the most common reason individuals seek treatment from infectious diseases

Answer 1

Oral

Question 2

invasion of the body by a microbe that causes damage either directly or indirectly

Answer 2

infection

Question 3

What are the 6 steps in the infectious disease process?

Answer 3

1. encounter
2. entry
3. colonization and/or invasion
4. multiplication and/or spread
5. damage
6. outcome

Question 4

Does having an encounter mean that there is an infection?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

pathogens must enter the ____ in order to establish infection

Answer 5

body

(this does not include pathogens that are in the GI, respiratory, or reproductive tracts as they are still technically outside of the body)

Question 6

pathogens must first ____ a surface before causing disease

Answer 6

colonize

Question 7

what are the two types of pathogen adherence?

Answer 7

1. nonspecific adherence

2. specific adherence

Question 8

which type of adherence is reversible and includes docking and other examples such as brownian movement (random interactions), electrostatic attractions, and interactions with extracellular matrices?

Answer 8

nonspecific adherence

Question 9

which type of adherence is irreversible and includes anchoring using adhesins

Answer 9

specific adherence

Question 10

substances on the surface of microbes that are involved with specific adherence to host tissue

Answer 10

adhesins

Question 11

_____ are often found on the fimbrae (pili), but can also be found in capsules or cell surfaces

Answer 11

adhesins

Question 12

in order to colonize, the pathogen must be adapted for _____ in a given ____

Answer 12

• growth

- niche

Question 13

what are the three ways in which bacteria “take-up” nutrients?

Answer 13

1. carrier mediated diffusion
2. phosphorylation-linked transport (group translocation)
3. active transport (energy dependent)

Question 14

way of bacteria taking-up nutrients in which phosphorylation occurs after it is already inside

Answer 14

carrier mediated diffusion

Question 15

way of bacteria taking-up nutrients in which phosphorylation happens as it is being transported

Answer 15

phosphorylation-linked transport

Question 16

to invade a host, pathogens must have specific _____ factors

Answer 16

virulence (invasins)

Question 17

mechanism of spread that involves microbes multiplying then spreading

Answer 17

lateral propagation

Question 18

mechanism of spread that involves microbes spreading then multiplying

Answer 18

dissemination

Question 19

disease symptoms are often dependent upon pathogen ______

Answer 19

density (load)

Question 20

activity that recognize host cells that are infected and induces apoptosis to stop the spread

Answer 20

cytotoxic T cell activity

Question 21

what are the two types of host response to an infection?

Answer 21

1. phagocytes

2. cytotoxic T cell activity

Question 22

what are the 3 types of infectious organisms?

Answer 22

1. lytic viral infections
2. invasins damage host tissue
3. toxin producing microbes

Question 23

what are the two types of toxins?

Answer 23

1. endotoxins

2. exotoxins

Question 24

type of toxin that is naturally found on the surface of the microbe and is a component of the cell wall. also known as lipopolysaccharide

Answer 24

endotoxin

Question 25

type of toxin that are subtle substances secreted into host tissues

Answer 25

exotoxins

Question 26

type of EXOtoxin that lyse cells

Answer 26

cytotoxins

Question 27

type of EXOtoxin that affect intestinal cells

Answer 27

enterotoxins

Question 28

type of EXOtoxin that affects neurons

Answer 28

neuotoxins

Question 29

the body contains approximately _____ more microbes as host cells

Answer 29

10 times

Question 30

what 2 places does the body safely harbor bacteria?

Answer 30

1. GI tract | 2. Mouth

Question 31

what are the 4 requirements that make a microbe a pathogen?

Answer 31

1. ability to adhere to host 2. ability to colonize the host 3. ability to replicate within a given niche 4. ability to cause damage (invasion, produce toxin, activate immune system)

Question 32

no microorganism is intrinsically _____ or ______

Answer 32

- benign | - pathogenic

Question 33

must have oxygen to grow

Answer 33

strict aerobes

Question 34

cannot tolerate oxygen

Answer 34

obligate anaerobes

Question 35

can grow with or without oxygen

Answer 35

``` facultative anaerobes (most medically important) ```

Question 36

can grow with limited nutrients

Answer 36

oligotrophs

Question 37

what is the most medically important bacteria?

Answer 37

facultative anaerobes

Question 38

can grow in high sugar concentrations

Answer 38

osmophile

Question 39

can grow in high salt concentrations

Answer 39

halophile

Question 40

can grow in very dry conditions

Answer 40

xerophile

Question 41

can grow in low pH

Answer 41

acidophile

Question 42

can grow in high pH

Answer 42

alkaliphiles

Question 43

require some oxygen, but lower levels of oxygen

Answer 43

microaerophiles

Question 44

grow well in cold environments (around 20 degrees C)

Answer 44

psychotrophs

Question 45

grow well in really cold environments (0-15 degrees C)

Answer 45

psychophiles

Question 46

grow well in hot temperatures (45-80 C)

Answer 46

thermophiles

Question 47

grow well in mild temperatures (15-45 C)

Answer 47

mesophiles

Question 48

another term for murein

Answer 48

peptidoglycan

Question 49

in murein, cross-linked peptide bonds ALWAYS occur between _______

Answer 49

N-acetylmuramic acids

Question 50

the structure of murein is alternating blocks of ______ and ______

Answer 50

- N-acetylmuramic acid | - N-acetylglucosamine

Question 51

______ is only found in gram negative bacteria

Answer 51

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 52

_____ ____ is only found in gram positive bacteria

Answer 52

teichoic acid

Question 53

________ is teichoic acid that is bound to lipids

Answer 53

lipotoeichoic acid

Question 54

what are the three components of LPS?

Answer 54

1. Lipid A 2. polysaccharide core 3. O-antigen

Question 55

part of LPS that involves fatty acids attached to a phosphorylated disaccharide

Answer 55

lipid A

Question 56

part of LPS that is very similar between gram negative bacteria, but has sugars that are unique to bacteria

Answer 56

polysaccharide core

Question 57

part of LPS that has highly variable repeating sugar subunits and is the main reason for the different antigenic specificities among gram negative bacteria

Answer 57

O-antigen

Question 58

LPS and teichoic acid are examples of _____ _____ ______ ______

Answer 58

pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Question 59

cells of the immune system can recognize PAMPs using _____ ____ _____

Answer 59

pattern recognition receptors (PRRS)

Question 60

toll-like receptor ______ recognizes LPS

Answer 60

4

Question 61

toll-like receptor _____ recognizes peptidoglycan

Answer 61

2

Question 62

toll-like receptors ____ and _____ together recognize teichoic acids

Answer 62

2 and 6

Question 63

involved in the attachment of bacteria to cells and other surfaces

Answer 63

pili (fimbriae)

Question 64

specialized proteins that are more SPECIFICALLY developed for adherence

Answer 64

adhesins (on tip of fimbriae)

Question 65

transfer genetic information between microbes

Answer 65

sex pili

Question 66

has one flagella at pole

Answer 66

monotrichous

Question 67

has a few flagella at pole

Answer 67

lophotrichous

Question 68

has many flagella all over

Answer 68

peritrichous

Question 69

fimbriae and flagella must turn ________ in order for the microbe to move forward

Answer 69

counterclockwise

Question 70

when movement caused by flagella is directed

Answer 70

taxis

Question 71

bacteria with flagella

Answer 71

motile

Question 72

_____ can be directed towards something good or away from something bad

Answer 72

taxis

Question 73

taxis towards chemoattractant

Answer 73

chemotaxis

Question 74

taxis towards suitable oxygen environment

Answer 74

aerotaxis

Question 75

taxis towards suitable osmotic pressure environment

Answer 75

osmotaxis

Question 76

taxis towards suitable temperature environment

Answer 76

themotaxis

Question 77

a substance that surrounds a cell that is either firmly attached (_____) or is not well organized (_____)

Answer 77

glycocalyx - capsule - slime layer

Question 78

why would capsules be beneficial to pathogens?

Answer 78

- if you were to strip off the capsule they could no longer spread disease - capsule protects them from the immune system

Question 79

toll-like receptor _____ recognize flagella

Answer 79

5