1 Flashcards by Justine Ayuyao

A light – tight box chambered to the aperture enclosed in a shutter at the opposite end
of which is the place where the sensitized material is located. (Delizo, 2015)
A mechanical device that is used to form and record the rays of light (as reflected by
the object) on the film inside the light tight box. (Pallista, 2019)
A light tight (proof) box with a means of forming the image (Lens or Pinhole), with a
means of holding sensitized material at one end (Film Holder); and with a means of
controlling the amount of light needed to affect the film at the other end (Shutter).

Camera

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This refers to a simple design and construction, usually home –made
consisting of a box having a small aperture functioning as a lens at one end, the image
being projected on the film at the other end.

Pinhole camera

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This refers to a simple camera that is little more than a pinhole camera,
the pinhole is replaced by the lens to enable the photographer gather lighter to be
recorded

Box camera

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This refers to a darkened chamber or small building in which images
of outside objects are projected onto a flat surface by a convex lens in aperture.

Later, the
term referred to a darkened boxlike device in which images of external objects, received
through an aperture, as with a convex lens, are exhibited in their natural colors on a
surface.

Camera obscura

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Compact digital cameras literally allow
anyone to capture beautiful images by simplifying pointing the camera at the subject and
clicking the shutter.

Also known as a point-and-shoot camera, it is the most user-friendly
of all camera types.

Compact digital/shoot and point camera

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cameras take photos to the next
level of image quality.

This more “serious” type of camera is best known for delivering
remarkably sharp and spectacular images.

DLSR

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the latest professional cameras.

They are
basically more compact DSLRs without the internal mirror that reflects light onto the
sensor.

Mirrorless camera

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Common action cameras like GoPro can fit of your hand, but they’re
some of the most durable and versatile types of digital cameras that offer very highresolution output.

Action camera

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disc of transparent glass generally bounded by two special surfaces capable of
forming an image.

Lens

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An adjustable mechanism that regulates the amount of light reaching the film
by varying the length of time. This is a control by which you can determine how long in
time the lens will remain open for light to be recorded on the film.

Shutter

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This refers to a tripled leg device which is adjustable to any reasonable
extension.

This can be used in holding the camera when the camera is bulky or when
using a shutter speed lower than one twenty five of a second (1/25), to prevent the
movement that will produce a blurred image in the photograph

Tripod

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This refers to camera accessories that is attached to the shutter release
of the camera and used in releasing and closing the shutter to prevent accidental
movement of the camera during the exposure period especially when longer exposure is
made.

Cable release

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This refers to flash bulbs or electric flash which synchronizes with the
opening and closing of shutter.

This is very effective to augment the adverse lighting
condition of the object(s) being photographed.

Flash units

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This refers to a device used in determining the intensity of light that strike
the subject and affect the film inside the camera

Light meter

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This refers to a device used in photographing a minute object.

It is
attached to the lens board of the camera and the lens is attached to it when close –up
photography is necessary.

Extension tube

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This refers to a transparent medium which transmits and absorbs different
wavelength of lights usually made of glass or gelatine material placed in front of the
camera lens.

Filter

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This refers to a device used to hold firmly the camera so as toprevent
the vibration or movement of the camera during the exposure period.

It is attached to the
body of the camera and sometimes the flash unit is attached to it.

Camera grip

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This refers to a device used to eliminate some reflections of light which
might destroy the image cast of the object(s) especially when the light is coming from the
top or side position of the camera.

It is usually mounted in front of the lens barrel.

Lens hood

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Four Important Controls in the Camera

Focusing control
Focusing ring
Aperture
Shutter speed control

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• These distances correspond to the distance from the camera to the subject.
• Use measuring device and actually measure the distance from the lens of the camera
to the subject.
• Whatever distance was measured will be the setting of the marker or pointer of focus

Focusing scale

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• These are finely etched prisms which break up the image; they are brought together
as you focus.

Micro prism

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This refers to two prisms that splits the image in half as you focus both
halves re-joins to form a clear image.

Split image

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This refers to usually to compact a camera that is using a fixed
lens.

Co-incident-image

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• A ground glass is a matt glass. The whole of the image on this screen will
progressively become sharp.
• It is found at the back of the camera or in the case of modern, also coupled with the
view finder.
• The point of focus is where the image is sharpest.

Ground glass type

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the distance between the nearest object and farthest object that appears to be focus when the lens is focus on infinity

Depth of field

This refers to long lenses having less depth than short lenses. The shorter the focal length of lens, the greater the depth of field

Focal length of the lens

This refers to the depth of field that is directly proportional to distance. A subject at a greater distance will have greater of field than close up subject. The closer the object focused on, the fuzzler everything else will be or the less your depth of field will be.

Distance from camera to the object

A wider aperture results in a shallow depth of field. It can use this to keep either the foreground or the background out of focus while maintaining the subject in focus. When changing the aperture setting, there will be in need to adjust the shutter to maintain the correct exposure.

Aperture Setting or F – step

the maximum permissible within which the film may be without exceeding the circle of confusion in order to produce the image sharp

Depth of Focus/Focal Range

this control is utilized by manipulating the ASA/ISO or DIN dial of the camera. Basically, the shutter and the f/numbers are both controlling the system of the rays of light that enters. However, the effects in making photographs are different. In an automatic setting camera, the camera has a sensor that reads or determines the ASA number of the film loaded.

Film Speed Control

overlapping circle patches of light representing each patch of light on the subject. This circle of confusion represents unsharp images, but the human eyes see them as acceptably sharp.

Circle of Confusion

This is the nearest distance at which a lens is focused with a given particular diaphragm opening which will give the maximum depth of field.

Hyperfocal Distance

the speed or light gathering power of lens equal to theduration of the focal length to the diameter of its lens pupil or the relative brightness of the image produced by the lens as compared with the brightness of the object

Relative Aperture

the view of the subject subtended by two lines emerging the corners of the film extending to the center of the lens

Angle of view

is a device that controls the quantity of light that passes through the lens. • It is an iris type mechanism, which shrinks or grows in order to let in less or more light.

Aperture

1. A disc of transparent glass generally bounded by two spherical surfaces capable of transforming an image. 2. The eye of the camera is also the heart of the camera. 3. A piece of transparent material made of glass or plastic with 2 opposite symmetrical surfaces or at least one curved surface

Lens

composed of 1 lens

Simple lenses

• A lens that is thicker at the middle than at the edge. • It gathers light rays and refracts them to meet in a certain point

Convex lens (converging lens/positive lens)

It is thicker at the edges than at the center; light rays passing through a diverging lens are vent outward.

Concave Lens (diverging/negative lens)

• It consists of two or more simple lenses fitted together. • Simple lenses generally produce aberrated (imperfect) images which can be corrected using compound lenses .

Compound lenses

• the largest opening of the diaphragm that the light can pass through. • important in taking pictures in dim light

Lens speed

A lens with larger maximum aperture (that is, a smaller f-number) is a fast lens because it delivers more light intensity to the focal plane, allowing a faster shutter speed

Fast lens

A smaller maximum aperture (larger maximum f – number) is slow lens because it delivers less light intensity and requires a slower shutter speed

Slow lens

This refers to the size of the image produced by lens depend upon factors – camera – to – subject and focal length. The lens collects the rays reflection from each point and brings them into focus at the focal plane. The lens, however, does not focus the rays into an exact point representing the original, but a small circle or blur called circle of confusion.

Image size

This refers to good lenses that are capable of reproducing circles of confusion much smaller than 1/1000 of an inch. This permits the focal plane to be moved forward or backward form the plane of critical focus to the point where the circles reach 1/1000 inch in diameter and the image begins to blur.

Depth of focus

This allowable movement of the focal plane is called

Depth distance

This refers to the lens that is focused on an object at infinity, the distance from the lens to the nearest object in sharp focus is called

Hyperfocal distance

This refers to the distance from the optical center of the lens to the focal plane, when the lens is focused on infinity

Focal plane

This refers to the point of convergence of the light rays

Real focus

This refers to the point where diverging rays would meet if their directions were reversed.

Virtual focus

The distance between the lens (technically from its rear nodal point) and the focal plane when the lens is focused on infinity

Focal length

The size of the image formed by the lens.

Magnification

• The amount of the scene shown on a given size of film. • Classification of Lens Based on Focal Length

Angle of view

• A lens with a focal length equal to the diagonal measure of the image area. • By international standards, 50 mm. • Lenses with focal lengths from 45 to 60 millimeters are normal lenses because they produce an image that is approximately the same with the view angle of the human eye which is 45 degrees

Standard or normal lens

• It has a shorter focal length than the normal lens. Hence, it covers a picture angle of 60 to 90 degrees. It enables photographing a widely extended scene from a close proximity or within a confined area. • Increases the angle of view and thus reduces the size of the image compared to the image formed by a normal lens. • Captures all objects, both near and far in sharp focus; • Have greater depth of field. • Angle of view exceeds 75 degrees • A lens with extreme wide angle.

Short – focal – lens or Wide Angle Lens

• A lens with extreme wide angle. • Characteristics of Fish Eye Lens • It provides a field of view of 180 degrees or more. • A 6 – millimeter fish – eye lens made by Nikon has a 220 – degree field of view that produces a circular image on film, rather than the normal rectangular or square image

Fish eye lens

• Lens with longer focal length that constrict the field of view and decrease the depth of field while greatly magnifying the image. e.g. 85mm, 100mm, 200mm, 300mm etc. • Characteristics of Long Focal Length • Provides an enlarged image of an object. • Allows you to take close – up shots while keeping your distance (reach out like telescope) to provide greatly enlarged of a distant object. • Provides shallow dept of field.

Long or Telephoto Lens or Narrow Angle

• A special type of camera lens with variable focal length which can be adjusted continuously by the movement of the variable focus lens. • This lens allows quick adjustment to give a wider or narrower field of vision but keeping the image in focus.

Zoom Lens

a. The failure of light rays to focus properly after they pass through a lens or reflect from a mirror. b. The minute variations in lenses and mirrors, and because different parts of the light spectrum are reflected or refracted by varying amounts.

Aberration

• The focusing at different points of light rays passing through different parts of spherical lens. • This aberration occurs because light hitting the outer parts of the lens is bent more sharply and comes to a focus sooner than that passing through the middle.

Spherical aberration

• The failure of different colored light rays to focus after passing through a lens. • The focusing of light of different colors at different points resulting in a blurred image.

Chromatic aberration

• The inability of the lens to bring horizontal and vertical lines in the subject to the same plane of focus in the image. • Astigmatism occurs at the edge of the image; the image appears elliptical or crossshaped because of an irregularity in the curvature of the lens.

Astigmatism

• It occurs when light falling obliquely on the lens and passing through different circular zones is brought to a focus at different distances from the film plane. • A spot of light appears to have a tail, rather like a comet.

Coma

• The plane of sharpest focus becomes curved, not flat. • It is caused by rays from the outer limits of the subject plane coming to focus nearer to the lens than the axial rays.

Curvature of Field

• causes the image of a straight line, at the edges of the field to bow in or out

Distortion

Two types of distortion?

Pincushion distortion, Barrel distortion

• A result of double reflection from inner lens surfaces. • It exhibits self as a misty hazy or cloudy semi circular path of light.

Flare or optical flare

• Bright spot on the film caused by stray light from worn shiny parts of the lens such as the stops, shutter, lens mount or from inside the camera itself.

Mechanical flare

Most corrected lenses is coated with a substance which will reduce one type of flare (optical) and which will also increase the optic’s ability to transmit light, thus reducing light to loss

Light loss

It can be reduced or eliminated by using the proper lens, shade places on the front of the lens or shield.

Stray light

• Each of this value represents one time the amount of light either more or less in quantity. • The flow of light into a camera can be controlled by aperture size just as the flow of water into a glass can be controlled by the faucet setting.

Aperture size

This refers to the time for which the shutter is held open during the taking of a photograph to allow light to reach the film or imaging sensor (in a digital camera). It regulates the amount of time that reaches the film. It is controlled by the shutter speed dial.

Shutter speed

Used to freeze motion

Fast shutter speed

Used to emphasize motion

Slow shutter speed

refers to filter on a box camera usually made of thin metallic disc with an open slot which is made to pass in front of the lens by spring.

Those Placed Before the Lens

This refers to professional or portrait cameras; consist of three metallic leaves which are kept by a spring.

Those Placed Behind the Lens

This refers to a number of metals that overlaps and arranged in a circle; these blades are opened and closed by pins on movable ring.

Between the Lens Shutter

– This refers to light tight overlapping curtains containing a narrow slit which passes across the focal plane in front of the film. Driven by a spring, this window moves across the film as it moves. The amount of light is controlled by the speed of the curtain and the width of the slit. The amount itself – just in front of the lens of the film, of focal plane rather than in the lens.

Focal plane shutter

This refers to beach, marine and snow scenes; landscapes and mountains without prominent dark object in the foreground.

Brilliant

This refers to people in marine, beach or snow scenes with foreground objects.

Bright

This refers to nearby people, gardens, houses and scenes not in shades

Average

This refers to subjects in the open (not under trees, porch, roof, etc.).

Shaded

1 Flashcards

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