Exam

Question 1

A disc of transparent glass generally bounded by two spherical surfaces capable of
transforming an image.

Answer 1

Lens

Question 2

basic function of a camera lens is to?

Answer 2

Gather light rays

Question 3

• A lens that is thicker at the middle than at the edge.
• It gathers light rays and refracts them to meet in a certain point

Answer 3

Convex Lens (converging lens/ positive lens)

Question 4

is thicker at the edges than at the center; light rays passing through a
diverging lens are vent outward.

Answer 4

Concave Lens (diverging/negative lens)

Question 5

Simple lenses generally produce aberrated (imperfect) images which can be
corrected using

Answer 5

Compound lenses

Question 6

Lens Speed is the largest opening of the diaphragm that the light can pass
through.

• is important in taking pictures in dim light

Answer 6

Lens speed

Question 7

• A lens with larger maximum aperture (that is, a smaller f-number) is a fast lens
because it delivers more light intensity to the focal plane, allowing a faster
shutter speed

Answer 7

Fast lens

Question 8

A smaller maximum aperture (larger maximum f – number) is slow lens because
it delivers less light intensity and requires a slower shutter speed.

Answer 8

Slow lens

Question 9

This refers to the size of the image produced by lens depend upon factors –
camera – to – subject and focal length. The lens collects the rays reflection from each point
and brings them into focus at the focal plane. The lens, however, does not focus the rays
into an exact point representing the original, but a small circle or blur called circle of
confusion.

Answer 9

Image size

Question 10

This refers to good lenses that are capable of reproducing circles of
confusion much smaller than 1/1000 of an inch. This permits the focal plane to be moved
forward or backward form the plane of critical focus to the point where the circles reach
1/1000 inch in diameter and the image begins to blur.

Answer 10

Depth of focus

Question 11

Allowable movement of focal plane

Answer 11

Depth distance

Question 12

This refers to the lens that is focused on an object at infinity, the
distance from the lens to the nearest object in sharp focus is called

Answer 12

Hyperfocal distance

Question 13

This refers to the distance from the optical center of the lens to the focal
plane, when the lens is focused on infinity

Answer 13

Focal plane

Question 14

This refers to the distance so far away that rays are considered parallel when
they reach the camera

Answer 14

Infinity

Question 15

This refers to the point of convergence of the light ray

Answer 15

Real focus

Question 16

This refers to the point where diverging rays would meet if their
directions were reversed.

Answer 16

Virtual focus

Question 17

The distance between the lens (technically from its rear nodal point) and the focal
plane when the lens is focused on infinity

Answer 17

Focal length

Question 18

The size of the image formed by the lens.

Answer 18

Magnification

Question 19

The amount of the scene shown on a given size of film.
• Classification of Lens Based on Focal Length

Answer 19

Angle of view

Question 20

A lens with a focal length equal to the diagonal measure of the image area

Lenses with focal lengths from 45 to 60 millimeters are normal lenses because they
produce an image that is approximately the same with the view angle of the human
eye which is 45 degrees

Answer 20

Normal lens

Question 21

It has a shorter focal length than the normal lens. Hence, it covers a picture angle of
60 to 90 degrees. It enables photographing a widely extended scene from a close
proximity or within a confined area.

Answer 21

Wide angle lens

Question 22

provides a field of view of 180 degrees or more.
• A 6 – millimeter fish – eye lens made by Nikon has a 220 – degree field of view that

Answer 22

Fish eye lens

Question 23

Lens with longer focal length that constrict the field of view and decrease the depth
of field while greatly magnifying the image. e.g. 85mm, 100mm, 200mm, 300mm etc.
• Characteristics of Long Focal Length
• Provides an enlarged image of an object.
• Allows you to take close – up shots while keeping your distance (reach out like
telescope) to provide greatly enlarged of a distant object.
• Provides shallow dept of field.

Less than 45 degree

Answer 23

Telephoto lens

Question 24

A special type of camera lens with variable focal length which can be adjusted
continuously by the movement of the variable focus lens.
• This lens allows quick adjustment to give a wider or narrower field of vision but
keeping the image in focus

Answer 24

Zoom lens

Question 25

The failure of light rays to focus properly after they pass through a lens or reflect from a mirror.

Answer 25

Aberration

Question 26

The focusing at different points of light rays passing through different parts of spherical lens. • This aberration occurs because light hitting the outer parts of the lens is bent more sharply and comes to a focus sooner than that passing through the middle.

Answer 26

Spherical aberration

Question 27

The failure of different colored light rays to focus after passing through a lens. • The focusing of light of different colors at different points resulting in a blurred image

Answer 27

Chromatic aberration

Question 28

The inability of the lens to bring horizontal and vertical lines in the subject to the same plane of focus in the image. • Astigmatism occurs at the edge of the image; the image appears elliptical or cross￾shaped because of an irregularity in the curvature of the lens.

Answer 28

Astigmatism

Question 29

It occurs when light falling obliquely on the lens and passing through different circular zones is brought to a focus at different distances from the film plane. • A spot of light appears to have a tail, rather like a comet.

Answer 29

Coma

Question 30

The plane of sharpest focus becomes curved, not flat. • It is caused by rays from the outer limits of the subject plane coming to focus nearer to the lens than the axial rays.

Answer 30

Curvature of field

Question 31

Causes the image of a straight line, at the edges of the field to bow in or out.

Answer 31

Distortion

Question 32

Two types of distortion

Answer 32

Pincushion Barrel

Question 33

result of double reflection from inner lens surfaces. • It exhibits self as a misty hazy or cloudy semi circular path of light

Answer 33

Flare

Question 34

Bright spot on the film caused by stray light from worn shiny parts of the lens such as the stops, shutter, lens mount or from inside the camera itself.

Answer 34

Mechanical flare

Question 35

Most corrected lenses is coated with a substance which will reduce one type of flare (optical) and which will also increase the optic’s ability to transmit light, thus reducing light to loss

Answer 35

Light loss

Question 36

It can be reduced or eliminated by using the proper lens, shade places on the front of the lens or shield.

Answer 36

Stray lighy

Question 37

This refers to colored disks of glass or gelatine which are placed in front of the camera lens to improve the quality of pictures; homogenous mediums which absorb different wavelengths of electromagnetic energy; these are dyed gelatine sheets cemented between carefully selected glass

Answer 37

Filters

Question 38

This refers to photographic filters that are used effectively when photographing blood. When used outdoors, a blue filters will make the sky, or any blue object, appear white in the photograph.

Answer 38

Blue filters

Question 39

This refers to photographic filters that are used in place of blue filters for photographing blood. Often, they work better than blue filters.

Answer 39

Green filters

Question 40

This refers to photographic filters that are used to photograph white cars; the details of the car will stand out.

Answer 40

Yellow filters

Question 41

This refers to photographic filters that is used toscreens out the violet end of the spectrum. It is placed in front of a lens and left there; it will not only improve most of the police photographer’s work, it will also prevent the lens from being scratched.

Answer 41

Ultra violet/UV filters

Question 42

This refers to photographic filters that are used to cut down light transmission. It does not affect the tonal quality of the scene. They are also used to reduce the light intensity to prevent over exposure.

Answer 42

Neutral density filters

Question 43

This refers to photographic a filter that is used primarily to control light reflected from highly polished surfaces, metallic objects and others. It is very useful in photographing many different vehicles in auto accidents. This is the only filter that can increase the blue saturation in the sky in a color photograph without altering the remaining colors in the scene.

Answer 43

Polarizing filters

Question 44

This refers to photographic filters that are used to remove excess bluishness from distant view outdoor

Answer 44

Hazy and skylight filters

Question 45

This refers to photographic filters that are intended to alter the response to the spectral sensitivity in terms of the naked eye

Answer 45

Correction filter

Question 46

This refers to top layer; scratch – resistant coating; gelatine coating; an over – coating composed of a thin transparent layer of hard gelatine which helps protect the silver halide emulsion from scratches and abrasions.

Answer 46

Top coating

Question 47

This refers to structure of film that composed of silver halides and gelatine – a layer composed of silver compounds (which are light sensitive) and halogens (such as bromide, chloride, and iodide which is used in small amounts, seldom made more than 5% with silver bromide in fast film emulsion)

Answer 47

Emulsion layer

Question 48

This refers to structure of film that is made of cellulose acetate or other materials such as paper, plastic, or glass which supports the emulsion layer and is coated with a non – curl anti – halation backing.

Answer 48

Backing

Question 49

This refers to a black dye applied on the rear surface of the film, it absorbs light that may penetrate the emulsion layer to prevent it from reflecting back to the emulsion thus making the mage sharper since it suppresses double image, and prevents the appearance of halo formation in the photograph.

Answer 49

Anti curl

Question 50

This refers to emulsion layer that consist of three (or four) layers stacked one on top of another with filter in between each. These separate layers record the green blue and red values that go on making all colors, because all colors can be made of mixtures of red, blue and green which are called primary colors.

Answer 50

Structure of color film

Question 51

This refers to a sensitive to blue light only; green and red light passes through it without exposing the color halides

Answer 51

Blue filter

Question 52

This refers to Carey – lea silver suspended in gelatin – it is coated between the top and second layer to absorb any penetrating blue light but allowing green and red light to pass through

Answer 52

Yellow filter

Question 53

This refers to a layer that is orthochromatic; the layer sensitive to blue light (which cannot reach it) and green, but not to red; red light passes on the bottom of the emulsion layer

Answer 53

Green filter

Question 54

This refers to a panchromatic layer, sensitive to blue and red. It is also somewhat sensitive to green light but to such a slight degree that is not important

Answer 54

Red filter

Question 55

This refers to film intended for B and W photography

Answer 55

Black and white film

Question 56

This refers to films that have name ending in Color – color negatives for prints

Answer 56

Color film

Question 57

This refers to a material which is sensitive to X – ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Answer 57

X-ray film

Question 58

This refers to film that is sensitive to a single color of light

Answer 58

Monochromatic

Question 59

This refers to film that is more sensitive to blue rays of ligh

Answer 59

Blue sensitive film

Question 60

This refers to film that is sensitive to UV rays only

Answer 60

Ultra - violet sensitive film

Question 61

This refers to film that is sensitive to ultra – violet rays, and all light found in the visible spectrum, especially to blue and violet light, suitable for general use in the preparation of black – and – white photographs and most commonly used in investigative photography because it produces the most natural recording of colors

Answer 61

Panchromatic

Question 62

This refers to film that is sensitive to UV rays, blue and green colors but not to red. Reds are recorded as dark tones, while greens and blues as light tones when printed. This type of film is popular in the market as the Kodalith Film.

Answer 62

Orthochromatic film

Question 63

This refers to film that is sensitive to infra – red and ultra – Violet radiation, which is beyond the human eye’s sensitivity

Answer 63

Infrared film

Question 64

This refers to film that produces transparencies that can be mounted as slides and projected with a slide viewer or on a light box, and end in the word Chrome.

Answer 64

Color reversal of color film

Question 65

This refers to film that is used in making prints, end in the word Color

Answer 65

Color negative film

Question 66

This refers to film sensitivity to light. This higher the rating of the film, the more sensitive it will be. This sensitivity is expressed in numerical rating as ASA Exposure Index.

Answer 66

Film speed

Question 67

Types of speed ratings

Answer 67

Asa Din Iso

Question 68

ASA 100 below – the finer the grain structure, the richer the color saturation and more impressive the image sharpness. For color works ASA 25, 50 and 64 films are ideal in glamour photography but all require a high level of light.

Answer 68

Slow

Question 69

ASA 100 and 200.

Answer 69

Medium

Question 70

Above ASA 200 to 1600 – need less light. Feature coarser grain, weaker color and a slight reduction in image sharpness.

Answer 70

Fast

Question 71

ASA 3200 and 6400

Answer 71

Ultra fast

Question 72

Slow, medium speed fill will handle 90% of the picture needed in police photography

Answer 72

Special film for special purposes

Question 73

This refers to a fine grain film that gives sharp differences between black and white. It is used in copying documents and photographing fingerprints

Answer 73

Contrast process panchromatic film

Question 74

This refers to film that is similar to panchromatic, but it is much slower and more sensitive to blue than red light

Answer 74

Contrast process orthochromatic film

Question 75

This refers to film that is sensitized with color dyes to make it possible to record only invisible infra – red heat waves, also sensitive to blue light, so special filters have to be put over the lens.

Answer 75

Infra red film

Question 76

This refers to film that is particularly valuable for law enforcement purposes. It is labelled only with #2475. It is useful for taking pictures at night. It has an ASA 800 to 2000.

Answer 76

Very high speed film

Question 77

This refers to film sizes for cartridge loading pocket cameras.

Answer 77

110

Question 78

This refers to film sizes that give a picture that measure about 2/14 inches wide.

Answer 78

120

Question 79

This refers to film sizes that is older and larger cartridge loading type

Answer 79

126

Question 80

This refers to film sizes that are commonly known as 35mm, so named because the film is 35mm wide. It was originally for motion pictures and the size used in commercial theatres.

Answer 80

135

Question 81

This refers to film sizes that are the same as 120’s but yields twice many exposures.

Answer 81

220

Question 82

This refers to layer of photographic paper that contains silver halides suspended in gelatine; the layer making the paper light sensitive; emulsion maybe composed of silver chloride, silver bromide, or silver chlorobromide.

Answer 82

Emulsion layer

Question 83

This refers to layer of photographic paper that is a gelatine layer containing barite crystals (barium oxide) to increase the reflectivity of the paper; the layer that makes the film glossy

Answer 83

Baryta layer

Question 84

This refers to layer of photographic paper that is made of hard paper which must be chemically pure; chemical content does not change or react with light or other chemicals during printing

Answer 84

Base

Question 85

This refers to the combination of its texture and finish; texture maybe smooth fine grained, or rough and finish maybe glossy (semi – matt) and matt

Answer 85

Surface

Question 86

This refers to coating that is made up by using a layer of paper which is coated both sides with a synthetic polymer, usually polyethylene; forms the base on to which the emulsion is coated

Answer 86

Resin coater paper

Question 87

This refers to coating that can be air – dried, needs large volumes of water for effective washing that can be reduced with washing aid (hypoclearing agent).

Answer 87

Fiber based papers

Question 88

This refers to types based on emulsion with slow emulsion speed; for contact printing; image size is the same as that of the negatives; they give blue black tones in a 65 – 68 degrees F to develop

Answer 88

Silver chloride papers

Question 89

This refers to types based on emulsion with fast emulsion speed; for projection printing (enlarging); about 100 to 1000 times as sensitive as chloride papers; they give black tones in metal hydroquinone developers and take about 1 ½ minutes to develop at 18 – 20 degrees C; give neutral to cold black tone which is only affected by development type and techniques

Answer 89

Silver bromide papers

Question 90

This refers to types based on emulsion that the slow is used for contact and the fast is used for enlargement/projection printing; they give an image tone from warm black to reddish brown, depending on length of exposure, type, dilution and duration of developer

Answer 90

Silver chlorobromide papers

Question 91

This refers to grades of printing papers for extreme contrast negatives; the low contrast in the sensitized paper counteracts the high contrast in the negative, to give a new print

Answer 91

Velox #0

Question 92

This refers to grades of printing papers for high contrast negative

Answer 92

Velox 1

Question 93

This refers to grades of printing papers for printing normal contrast negatives

Answer 93

Velox 2

Question 94

This refers to grades of printing papers for negatives that have weak contras

Answer 94

Velox 3

Question 95

This refers to grades of printing papers that provides sufficient contrast to compensate for every weak contrast; it is useful in printing silhouettes and other such pictures in which high contrast is desired.

Answer 95

Velox 4

Question 96

This refers to grades of printing papers for flat negatives that are relatively unprintable.

Answer 96

Velox 5

Question 97

This refers to paper weight that is intended for purposeswhich involve folding

Answer 97

Light weight

Question 98

This refers to paper weight for all ordinary photographic purposes

Answer 98

Single weight

Question 99

This refers to paper weight for large prints because they stand up better rough treatment.

Answer 99

Double weigjt

Question 100

This is done by simply soaking the film in water for 2 to 3 minutes while agitating the water container for every 20 seconds

Answer 100

Predevelopment Water Rinse

Question 101

Converting the exposed image on the film into actual image. Exposed film affects the silver halides but the change is invisible. Developing enables the invisible images into form. This is performed by soaking the film in the Develope

Answer 101

Developing

Question 102

developing solution). The chemical contents are

Answer 102

Reducer – metol – hydroquinone b. Accelerator – borax, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide c. Restrainer – potassium bromide d. Preservative – sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphate

Question 103

The removal of the traces of the developer as well as it helps in the removal of excess or undeveloped silver halides. This process stops development by neutralizing the effects of the developer. It is also necessary to minimize the staining effect of the developer and at the same time conserve to some extent the strength of the fixing solution

Answer 103

Stop bath

Question 104

The three forms of rinse bath are:

Answer 104

a. Water Rinse Bath b. Acid Rinse Bath c. Hardening Rinse Bath

Question 105

Even after developing, the image is still invisible because the silver halides are still present in the emulsion. Fixing bath is required to loosen the silver halides from the unexposed halides so they can be washed away.

Answer 105

Fixing bath

Question 106

Ingredients in fixing bath are

Answer 106

a. Fixer – hypo (sodium thiosulfate) b. Neutralizer – acid (acetic acid) c. Preservative – sodium sulfite D. HARDERER - POTASSIUM ALUM

Question 107

This is the final part of the processing cycle, which removes the residual chemicals and soluble silver compounds from the emulsion and reveals the image.

Answer 107

Washing

Question 108

The most important chemical in any developing agent. It is the one that reduces the exposed halides into visible metallic silver. The two chemicals mostly used are: (1) hydroquinone and (2) Metol.

Answer 108

Educing agnts

Question 109

The purposes of accelerators are to energize the reducing agents and they soften and swell the emulsion to permit the developer to penetrate deeply and quickly. The three kinds of accelerators are: Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Hydroxide and Borax

Answer 109

Accelerators

Question 110

The commonly used preservative is Sodium Sulfite. It prevents stain and makes the developing solution more stable and long lasting

Answer 110

Preservative

Question 111

This chemical restrains the action of the exposed areas of the film and permits control of density and contrast. Potassium bromide is the agent generally used for this purpose.

Answer 111

Restrainer