1

Question 1

Different levels of psychological phenomena (3)

Answer 1

biology, mental states, social/cultural factors

Question 2

Scopes of psychological research (4)

Answer 2

All human beings, certain groups of people, individual people, specific actions by a specific individual

Question 3

General level and scope of cognitive biology

Answer 3

mental states; all human beings

Question 4

Cognitive psychology started as the scientific study of ______.

Answer 4

knowledge

Question 5

All psychology originated in ______

Answer 5

philosophy

Question 6

What question does epistemology ask?

Answer 6

How do we gain knowledge?

Question 7

Rationalism

Answer 7

understanding the world purely by rational analysis, without empirical observation

Question 8

Empiricism

Answer 8

we need to observe the physical world to understand it

Question 9

tabula rasa/blank slate

Answer 9

Mind is like a sheet of “white paper, void of all characters”

Question 10

In our daily lives, we make inferences based on ______

Answer 10

background knowledge (i.e. memory)

Question 11

Could H.M. remember information from before or after his surgery?

Answer 11

before

Question 12

When did the cognitive revolution occur?

Answer 12

1950s-60s

Question 13

Two main causes of the cognitive revolution

Answer 13

introspection and behaviorism (specifically being fed up with them)

Question 14

Who was introspection pioneered by?

Answer 14

Wilhelm Wundt and his student Edward B. Titchener (late 1800s)

Question 15

Wundt and Titchener believed that psychology should focus on studying ______ mental events.

Answer 15

conscious

Question 16

Structuralists

Answer 16

understood the Mind as a series of discrete units of processing - study everything individually

Question 17

Two main aspects of introspection

Answer 17

Observing and recording your own thoughts and experiences ; Required systematic training

Question 18

Benefits of introspection (2)

Answer 18

treated psychology (the study of the mind) as a science ; used Reaction Time to quantify mental processes

Question 19

Limitations of introspection (3)

Answer 19

Not replicable/verifiable, some thoughts are unconscious, often impossible to test claims made via introspection

Question 20

When was behaviorism dominant in America?

Answer 20

first half of 20th century

Question 21

What process did behaviorism focus on?

Answer 21

Learning

Question 22

Did behaviorism focus on observable behaviors and stimuli or mental events?

Answer 22

observable behaviors and stimuli

Question 23

Main problems with behaviorism (3)

Answer 23

Language appears spontaneously, w/o obvious associative learning ; Stimulus-response accounts are often not enough to explain behavior; The same stimulus can elicit different behaviors based on context

Question 24

What did experimental psychologists learn from introspection and behaviorism? (2)

Answer 24

Introspective methods for studying mental events are not scientific ; We need to study mental events in order to understand behavior

Question 25

Main concept behind transcendental method

Answer 25

Knowledge transcends sensory knowledge - also requires understanding of how we process that experience

Question 26

How does the transcendental method work?

Answer 26

Reason backward from observations to determine the cause

Question 27

How do cognitive psychologists study mental events indirectly?

Answer 27

Measure observable stimuli and responses -> Develop hypotheses about mental events -> Design new experiments to test these hypotheses

Question 28

Who saw that learning also involves the acquisition of new knowledge?

Answer 28

Edward Tolman

Question 29

In Tolman's maze experiment, rats acquired a “cognitive map” of their locations without changes in ______.

Answer 29

behavior

Question 30

General course of Tolman's maze experiment

Answer 30

Rats went through maze between days 1-10 and found food on day 11 - only showed learning on day 12 (when they ran to the food spot)

Question 31

How did Chomsky claim language defied behaviorism?

Answer 31

Creativity of language (unique sentences) couldn't be explained by behaviors and rewards

Question 32

Gestalt psychologists

Answer 32

argued that mental processes and behaviors cannot be understood without considering the “whole.

Question 33

The notion that perceivers shape their own ______ is a central theme in modern cognitive psychology.

Answer 33

experience

Question 34

Bartlett suggested that people spontaneously use ______ to interpret experiences and aid memory.

Answer 34

schemas

Question 35

Method of Bartlett's story experiment

Answer 35

People had to read the same story several times ; Then months and years later had to tell the story to someone else

Question 36

Results of Bartlett's story experiment

Answer 36

Their stories were more coherent over time because the human mind smooths out the details that don’t make sense/agree with their own sense of the world

Question 37

Information-processing approach

Answer 37

Considering that the human mind might use processes and procedures like a computer -> explained data through computer terminology

Question 38

Process of research on cognitive psychology (4)

Answer 38

Form a hypothesis -> Derive predictions from the hypothesis -> Collect data to test predictions -> Confirm or modify (or reject) the hypothesis

Question 39

Examples of cognitive psychology methodologies

Answer 39

Performance or accuracy measures ; Response time measures ; Neuroimaging techniques

Question 40

Implications of slower reaction time

Answer 40

Implies more neural tissue activated (larger portion of brain used)

Question 41

Cognitive neuroscience

Answer 41

Study of brain function based on damaged brain structures

Question 42

Clinical neuropsychology

Answer 42

Study of the brain and nervous system to understand mental functioning

Question 43

Modern cognitive psychology is primarily concerned with which of the following? - What we know - What we remember - How we think - All of the above

Answer 43

All of the above

Question 44

The famous psychologist Edward Titchener claimed to have identified and cataloged nearly 10,000 sensations that he observed with himself. What method best describes his approach?

Answer 44

Introspection

Question 45

A psychologist who adheres to the behaviorist school of thought would most likely attribute someone being afraid of a spider to - An interaction between memory and fear - A chemical imbalance produced by a deficit in nutrients - A learned behavior in response to specific environmental triggers - Inadequate material supervision and love during infancy

Answer 45

- A learned behavior in response to specific environmental triggers

Question 46

Because psychology forms hypotheses about processes that cannot be observed directly, it relies on ______ and ______ methods to describe the behaviors that can be observed

Answer 46

transcendental and inferential

Question 47

Which of the following is a similarity between psychology and physics? - Both test their theories using the scientific method - Direct observation of the causes of phenomena is not always possible - Both base their theories on objective, quantifiable data - All of the above are correct

Answer 47

- All of the above are correct

Question 48

All of the following contributed to the cognitive revolution EXCEPT - The idea that mental processes (and changes in these processes) would not necessarily be accompanied by changes in behavior - The idea that mental processes have little resemblance to steps in computer processing - The observation that the same stimulus could result in different behaviors across contexts - The methods of working backward from observable effects to hypothesizing possible causes

Answer 48

- The idea that mental processes have little resemblance to steps in computer processing

Question 49

Which school of theorists would most likely agree with this statement: “Perpetual phenomena are best understood as a summation of their individual components”?

Answer 49

Structuralists