7

Question 1

What broad factors influence what people attend to?

Answer 1

Visual prominence, Level of interest, Importance, Beliefs and Expectations, Culture

Question 2

What we pay attention to depends on both the _____ and ______.

Answer 2

stimulus, context

Question 3

_____ items tend to be paid attention to more.

Answer 3

Salient

Question 4

True or false: Important items and items of interest aren’t always the same.

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

True or false: If you saw money on the ground, it would be seen as important regardless of interest.

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

Two aspects of how beliefs and expectations (context) affect our attention.

Answer 6

Ignore highly predictable items, Ignore ultra-rare items

Question 7

Example of how we ignore highly predictable items.

Answer 7

We know what a classroom looks like, so we don’t pay attention to everything in there.

Question 8

Example of how we ignore ultra-rare items.

Answer 8

We don’t expect to see a phone on the ground, so we likely wouldn’t notice it until we step on it.

Question 9

Individualistic cultures have been said to focus more on ______ people and objects.

Answer 9

individual

Question 10

Collectivist cultures have been said to focus more on how people and objects _____ to ____ ____.

Answer 10

relate, each other

Question 11

Such as when we analyze paintings, our eye movements are guided by _______ (or ______) attention.

Answer 11

goal-directed (endogenous)

Question 12

Endogenous control of attention (goal-driven).

Answer 12

When we pay attention to things that will help us solve an assigned task.

Question 13

Example of endogenous control.

Answer 13

searching for your phone

Question 14

Exogenous control of attention (stimulus-driven).

Answer 14

When stimuli capture your attention regardless of your goal.

Question 15

Example of an exogenous stimulus.

Answer 15

ambulance sirens

Question 16

Three domains of attention.

Answer 16

feature (aspect of an object), object, spatial attention (position in space)

Question 17

We generally pay attention to _____ and _____ in space.

Answer 17

objects and positions

Question 18

True or false: In unilateral neglect syndrome, spatial attention in one visual field is always unfunctional.

Answer 18

False: not at deficit when objects move into neglected space

Question 19

When unilateral neglect syndrome patients were shown a barbell rotating into the other visual field, what did they see?

Answer 19

The same barbell (could keep track of it)

Question 20

Even in unilateral neglect, ____ in the brain can keep track of objects even in a field that neurons can’t _____ pay attention to.

Answer 20

mechanisms, spontaneously

Question 21

______ plays a key role in solving the binding problem.

Answer 21

Attention

Question 22

When you don’t have enough _____ attention, conjunction errors are common.

Answer 22

spatial

Question 23

True or false: When you do a single-feature search, you can tell whether it’s there even when you don’t know where it’s located.

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

In a complex search, you need to _____ the features in order to detect them.

Answer 24

localize

Question 25

In a single-feature search, is attention directed narrowly or broadly?

Answer 25

broadly

Question 26

In a complex search, is attention directed narrowly or broadly?

Answer 26

narrow (need to narrow down objects)

Question 27

Two stages of feature integration theory.

Answer 27

Preattentive stage, Focused attention stage

Question 28

Preattentive stage of feature integration theory.

Answer 28

Parallel processing of the stimulus

Question 29

A benefit of the preattentive stage.

Answer 29

Efficient

Question 30

Thanks to the preattentive stage, you can detect a single feature within a few ___ ms.

Answer 30

ms

Question 31

Focused attention stage of feature integration theory.

Answer 31

Expectation-based priming creates processing advantages for the stimulus.

Question 32

True or false: The focused attention stage is more costly than the preattentive stage.

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

Priming _____ the processing of desired inputs.

Answer 33

facilitates

Question 34

Priming also helps to _____ perception of inputs.

Answer 34

prevent

Question 35

Priming—and thus your ability to pay attention—largely depends on your ability to _____ the upcoming stimulus.

Answer 35

anticipate

Question 36

Selective attention is flexible because of ____ and ____ attention.

Answer 36

early, late

Question 37

True or false: Attention is only a single process.

Answer 37

False: neither a single process nor particular mechanism

Question 38

Divided attention.

Answer 38

The skill of performing multiple tasks simultaneously

Question 39

True or false: We don't really multitask, but switch attention quickly from one thing to another.

Answer 39

TRUE

Question 40

Our limited _____ _____ restrict how well we can multitask.

Answer 40

mental resources

Question 41

Divided attention will fail if the combination of tasks exceeds our _____.

Answer 41

resources

Question 42

Specificity of resources.

Answer 42

When two different tasks use different mental resources

Question 43

Why is dividing attention between two different concurrent tasks easier?

Answer 43

Because similar tasks (e.g., two spatial tasks) compete for the same resources.

Question 44

When people were shadowing a vocal stream, which unattended stimulus type did they remember the most?

Answer 44

pictures (90% right)

Question 45

When people were shadowing a vocal stream, which unattended stimulus type did they remember the least?

Answer 45

heard words (50% wrong)

Question 46

Why is it easier to remember pictures and voices concurrently than two sets of voices?

Answer 46

Because pictures doesn’t tap into same mental resources as voices (or written words) do.

Question 47

General resources.

Answer 47

When even very different tasks compete with each other for mental resources.

Question 48

Were people more able to drive successfully while talking with a passenger or making a phone call?

Answer 48

talking with a passenger

Question 49

Why does talking with someone over the phone take up the same resources as driving?

Answer 49

Unlike a passenger, person on the line unaware of what's going on in the road (can't adjust behavior).

Question 50

Tasks vary in their ______ load.

Answer 50

perceptual

Question 51

Executive control can be devoted only to ____ task/s at a time.

Answer 51

one

Question 52

Executive control = mechanisms that let us... (5)

Answer 52

Control our thoughts, Keep goals in mind, Organize mental steps (towards goals), Shift plans and change strategy, Inhibit automatic responses

Question 53

Damage to what part of the brain can impair executive control?

Answer 53

prefrontal cortex (PFC)

Question 54

Examples of specific executive control deficits (2).

Answer 54

Perseveration error, Goal neglect

Question 55

Perseveration error.

Answer 55

tendency to produce the same response over and over (problems terminating an action) when the task clearly requires a change in response.

Question 56

Example of perseveration error.

Answer 56

saying or writing the last word of a sentence over and over.

Question 57

Goal neglect.

Answer 57

when one's behavior doesn't serve the goal at hand.

Question 58

Example of goal neglect.

Answer 58

making a phone call, but then leaving the room to do something else.

Question 59

Two particular types of goal neglect.

Answer 59

piecemeal organization (doing things piece by piece), impulse-driven (embellishing unneeded things)

Question 60

Tasks will interfere with each other if...

Answer 60

their combined demand for a resource is greater than the amount of the resource that is available.

Question 61

Between-task interference increases as task ______ increases, but are still present when they're ______.

Answer 61

similarity, different

Question 62

What do practiced skills require less of compared to other skills? (2)

Answer 62

resources (fewer) or the use of resources (less frequent)

Question 63

Why would a novice driver experience more interference than an experienced driver?

Answer 63

Because the skill is less practiced and they'd use more resources.

Question 64

Practice leads to a decrease in _____ between tasks.

Answer 64

interference

Question 65

Automaticity describes tasks that are...

Answer 65

well practiced and require little or no executive control.

Question 66

What types of tasks are done on auto-pilot (without control)?

Answer 66

Automatic tasks

Question 67

Drawback of automaticity.

Answer 67

may make it harder to suddenly control these tasks when necessary.

Question 68

Example of an automaticity test.

Answer 68

Stroop Interference

Question 69

Stroop Interference.

Answer 69

When saying the color of a word that says a different color is harder than saying the color of gibberish.

Question 70

What do you need to be able to control automatic tasks?

Answer 70

executive control

Question 71

True or false: Tasks require resources, and you can't use more resources than you have.

Answer 71

TRUE

Question 72

True or false: All resources are task-specific.

Answer 72

False - others are task-general.

Question 73

If there is interference between tasks, you can guess that they share ______.

Answer 73

resources

Question 74

If two tasks need the same resources, there will be ______.

Answer 74

interference

Question 75

Three factors that affect the amount of interference two tasks will cause.

Answer 75

Nature of the task, Task novelty, Practice

Question 76

Performance is limited by different factors in different ______ settings.

Answer 76

settings

Question 77

1. Consider the process of automaticity. A result of automaticity is that a practiced behavioral procedure becomes...

Answer 77

c) easier to perform but harder to control.

Question 78

2. Perception is facilitated by priming. __________ is produced by a prior encounter with the respective stimulus and is __________.

Answer 78

b) Repetition priming; not effortful