1 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Mouth OR
A
oral cavity
2
Q
parts of mouth
A
teeth tongue salivary glands
3
Q
functions of mouth
A
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
form bolus for swallowing
4
Q
Passageway for food from mouth to
esophagus.
A
pharynx
5
Q
Initiates swallowing reflex
A
pharynx
6
Q
Transports food to the stomach via peristalsis.
A
esophagus
7
Q
Lower esophageal sphincter prevents a
A
acid reflux
8
Q
parts of stomach
A
Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus.
9
Q
functions of stomach
A
Stores food temporarily.
* Mechanical digestion (churning).
* Chemical digestion of proteins (pepsin,
HCl).
* Converts bolus into chyme.
10
Q
Small Intestine parts
A
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
11
Q
Major site of digestion and absorption.
A
small intestin
12
Q
Receives bile and pancreatic
enzymes.
A
duodenum
13
Q
Absorbs nutrients.
A
jejunum
14
Q
Absorbs bile salts, vitamin B12.
A
ileum
15
Q
parts of large intestine
A
- cecum
- ascending colon
- transverse
- descending
- sigmoid
- rectum
16
Q
Absorbs water and electrolyte
A
large intestine
17
Q
Forms and stores feces.
A
large intestine
18
Q
Houses gut microbiota.
A
large intestine
19
Q
Stores feces.
A
rectum
20
Q
Controls defecation through anal sphincters.
A
anus
21
Q
Accessor
A
liver, gallbladder, pancreas
22
Q
Produces bile to emulsify fats.
Processes nutrients, detoxifies substances.
A
liver
23
Q
Stores and concentrates bile.
A
gall bladder
24
Q
Releases bile into duodenum.
A
gall bladder
25
what are the digestive enzymes
lipase, amylase, proteases
26
it produces digestive enzyme
pancreas
27
Secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach
acid.
pancreas
28
The process of taking
food into the mouth.
ingestion
29
mechanical breakdown via chewing
mastication
30
Chemical breakdown begins with
saliva
amylase
31
: Movement of food
through the GI tract.
propulsion
32
voluntary phase in the mouth.
swallowing or deglutition
33
– involuntary, rhythmic
muscular contractions that move
food along the GI tract.
peristalsisa
34
what are the key process of propulsion
1. deglutition
2. peristalsis
35
Physical breakdown of
food into smaller pieces.
. Mechanical Digestion
36
process of mechanical digestion
Chewing in the mouth.
* Churning in the stomach.
* Segmentation in the small
intestine
37
: Breakdown of food
into simpler nutrients using
enzymes.
chemical digestion
38
the enzyme found in mouth
amylase
39
enzyme found in stomach
pepsin
40
enzyme from small intestine
(carbohydrates, proteins, fats)
41
the transport of
nutrients from the GI tract into
the bloodstream or lymph.
absorption
42
major site of absorption
small intestine (jejunum)
43
nutrients absorbed in the small intestine
glucose, amino acids,
fatty acids, vitamins, minerals.
44
: Removal of
indigestible substances and
waste products as feces
Elimination (Defecation)
45
structure involved in elimination
large intestibe, rectum, anus
46
Mucosa and immune defenses protect
against pathogens.
protection
47
: GI tract releases hormones (e.g.,
gastrin, secretin) that regulate digestion
hormone secretion
48
GI tract release what hormones
gastrin, secretin
49
Regulates water and
electrolytes absorbed or secreted.
fluid and electrolyte balance
50
it's a medical procedure used to
examine the digestive tract
Fiberoptic endoscopy
51
. It
involves inserting a flexible tube
with a light and camera through the mouth or rectum to visualize and diagnose conditions
fiberoptic endoscopy
52
A procedure used to examine the
large intestine (colon) and rectum.
colonoscopy
53
A long, flexible tube with a
camera
colonoscope
54
A diagnostic imaging test used
to examine the colon and
rectum
barium eneme
55
barium enema is followed by
xray imaging
56
A method of providing nutrition directly
into the gastrointestinal tract when a
person cannot consume food normally.
enteral feeding
57
passing
a tube through the nose into the
stomach
nasograstric feeding
58
surgically creating a small
opening in the abdomen and inserting
a feeding tube directly into the
stomach.
gastrostomy
59
A method of providing nutrition
intravenously (through a vein)
when the digestive tract cannot
absorb nutrients properly.
total parenteral nutrition
60
Intravenous therapy involves
administering fluids, medications,
or nutrients directly into a vein
using a needle or catheter.
IV therapy
61
commonly used of IV THERAPHY
1. hydration.
2. administration of med
3. chemotheraphy
4. blood transfusion
5. delivering nutrients
62
an artificial opening
stoma
63
Surgical procedures that involve
creating an artificial opening (stoma) in
the abdomen to divert fecal waste from
the colon
colostomy
64
Surgical procedures that involve
creating an artificial opening (stoma) in
the abdomen to divert fecal waste from
the small intestine
ileostomy
65
external pouch
ostomy bag
66
acid base balances
1. isotonic dehydration
2. hypertonic dehydration
3. hypotonic dehydrarion
4. metabolic acidosis
5. metabolic alkalosis
6. overhydration
67
Occurs when the body loses more water than it
absorbs or absorbs less fluid than it excretes.
isotonic dehydration
68
Decrease in the volume of blood serum.
isotonic dehydration
69
Occurs when water loss is
greater than electrolyte loss.
hypertonic dehydraion
70
result from Concentration of electrolytes (sodium,
chloride, bicarbonate) in the blood increases
hypertonic dehydration
71
Elevated red blood cell count
and hematocrit due to blood becoming more
concentrated than usual.
hypertonic dehydration
72
Disproportionately high loss of electrolytes
compared to fluid loss
hypotonic dehydration
73
Low plasma concentration of
sodium and chloride.
hypotonic dehydration
74
To restore electrolyte balance,
kidneys excrete more fluid, leading to
extracellular dehydration
75
Excessive body fluid intake, potentially as serious as dehydration.
overhydration
76
overhydration results
intracellular enema
77
Results from diarrhea due to excessive loss of sodium (Na⁺) with stool.
metabolic acidosis
78
arterial blood gas analysis in metabolic acidosis
decreased pH (under 7.35) and low
bicarbonate (HCO₃) value (near or below 22 mEq/L).
79
Result from loss of hydrochloric acid (HCl), primarily via loss of chloride ions (Cl⁻).
metabolic alkalosis
80
it accompany metabolic
alkalosis.
hyperkalemia
81
Occurs with
feeding
regurgitation
82
Timing unrelated to feeding
vomiting
83
Runs out of mouth
with little force
regurgitation
84
projected as
much as 4 ft
projectile vomiting
85
vomiting in newborn can be caused by
pyloric stenosis
86
Smells barely sour;
only slightly curdled
regurgitation
87
Nonpainful; child
does not appear
to be in distress
and may even
smile as if
sensation is
enjoyable
regurgitation
88
Possible crying before vomiting as if abdominal pain is
present, and after vomiting as if the force of action is
frightening
vomiting
89
amount of regurgitation
1-2 tsp
90
amount of vomiting
full contents of stomach
91
vomiting treatment
Withhold food from the stomach for a
time
🠶 Sips of fluid
🠶 Clear soup and dry crackers to soft diet
🠶 Oral Rehydration Salts
92
virus causes diarrhea
rotavirus and adenovirus
93
Most common pathogen of diarrhea
1. salmonella
2. escherichia coli
3. campylobacter jejuni,
4. giardia lamblia
5. clostridium difficle
94
Caused by malabsorption or inflammation
diarrhea
95
management for sever diarrhea
Oral and IV rehydration
Antibiotic Therapy
Potassium replacement
96
Bacterial Infection Causing
Diarrhea and Vomiting
1. salmonella
2. listeriosis
3. shigellosis
4.staphylococcus enterotoxin
97
Most common type of food poisoning and a major
cause of diarrhea in children
salmonella
98
diagnosis for salmonella
stool culture
99
treatment for salmonella
fluid and electrolyte replacement
🠶 Ampicillin or third generation
cephalosporins
🠶 Wash utensils used to prepare chicken and
cook eggs thoroughly
100
causative agent of listeriosis
listeria monocytogenes
101
Ingestion of
unpasteurized milk or cheeses or vegetables
grown in contaminated soil
listeriosis
102
treatnent for listeriosis
ampilcilin and gentamycin 4
103
Organisms of the genus Shigella
shigellosis
104
managment for shigellosis
1. cephalosporin
105
Staphylococcal enterotoxin produced by
some strains of Staphylococcus aureus
staphylococal food poisioning
106
A disturbance of the intestinal tract that alters
motility and absorption and accelerates the
excretion of intestinal contents
diarrhea/ severe gastroenteritis
107
complication f diarrhea:
dehydration
metabolic acidosis
108
dehydration in infants
1. sunken eyes
2. depressed fontanelles
3. irritable
4. thirsty
5. fewer wet diaper
109
dehydration in child
Decreased tear production
🠶 Skin non-elastic
🠶 Decreased urinary output
🠶 Thirsty
🠶 Restless
110
The cardiac sphincter and lower
portion of the esophagus are weak,
allowing regurgitation of gastric
contents back into the esophagus.
GERD
