1/28- Clinical Phonology: Anatomy & Physiology of the Speech Mechanism-PPT

Question 1

What does anatomy knowledge support?

Answer 1

• Proper examination
• Formation of a dx
• Communication to
  patients & other
  professionals
• Better understanding
  of the functioning
  brain

Question 2

What is speech pathology?

Answer 2

Meeting of the minds and Interdisciplinary field

Question 3

What does speech pathology involve?

Answer 3

Collaboration with:

• Linguists,
• engineering,
• acoustics,
• psychology,
• medicine,
• neuroscience,
• education,
• and others…

Question 4

What occurs to pressure during quiet breathing?

Answer 4

equalizing pressure in & outside of lungs

Question 5

What are our challenges?

Answer 5

• Complexity caseloads—schools, hospital & private setting
• Issues with co-morbidity
  
  • Medical
  • Neurological and physiological
  • Psychological
  • Cognitive
  • Language

Question 6

What is co-morbidity?

Answer 6

Coexisting dx that is acquired.

I.e. stroke, TBI vs developmental

Question 7

What behavior is speech production?

Answer 7

Voluntary

Question 8

What are the FOUR basic systems needed for speech?

Answer 8

• Respiration
• Phonation
• Resonation
• Articulation

Question 9

What is speech’s power mechanism?

Answer 9

Respiration

Question 10

What is needed for respiration?

Answer 10

• air

Activating system
Quiet breathing = equalizing pressure in & outside of lungs
Speech production = less air pressure in lungs & air rushes
in to meet demands for speaking

Question 11

What happens to pressure during speech production?

Answer 11

less air pressure in lungs & air rushes

in to meet demands for speaking

Question 12

What does phonation involve?

Answer 12

Vocal fold movements and vocal characterization

Question 13

What influenced voice characteristics?

Answer 13

Movement of the vocal folds

Question 14

What is pitch?

Answer 14

The rate of vocal fold movement

Question 15

What is intensity?

Answer 15

Loudness and the amount of energy generated by the vocal folds

Question 16

What are the three aspects of voice characteristics?

Answer 16

• Pitch
• intensity
• phonatory quality

Question 17

What is Phonatory quality?

Answer 17

how well vocal folds work together during the vibratory cycle

Question 18

Where is the resonating vocal tract?

Answer 18

From the vocal folds all the way out of the mouth

Question 19

What is resonance?

Answer 19

Fundamental frequency generated at the vocal folds reverberates in the vocal tract

Question 20

What are the resonating structures of the vocal track?

Answer 20

Pharyngeal
Oral
Nasal

Question 21

What changes voice quality?

Answer 21

Changes in resonating structures

Question 22

See slide 10…question

Answer 22

.

Question 23

What is the most common cause for a resonance disorder?

Answer 23

Cleft pallet

Question 24

What doesn’t close with a person who has a cleft palette?

Answer 24

The velum doesn’t close the velopharyngeal port and doesnt close the nasal cavity completely so food goes up and out the nose.

Question 25

What molds the airstream to make it a recognizable speech sound?

Answer 25

articulators

Question 26

What articulators are moveable?

Answer 26

- tongue - lips - soft palate

Question 27

What articulators are immoveable?

Answer 27

- teeth - jaw - alveolar ridge

Question 28

What oral structure is the most vital moveable structure?

Answer 28

Tongue

Question 29

What oral structure is the most important for articulation and resonance?

Answer 29

Jaw

Question 30

What oral structure has several muscles connecting with the face and a variety of movements * builds intraoral pressure

Answer 30

Lips

Question 31

What oral structure separates the oral from nasal cavity

Answer 31

Hard palate

Question 32

What oral structure has several muscles that act in synchrony for superior/posterior movement to achieve velopharyngeal closure?

Answer 32

soft palate

Question 33

What oral structure has a cosmetic purpose?

Answer 33

teeth

Question 34

Which articulators co-articulate for various sounds?

Answer 34

Lips & tongue

Question 35

What types of structural abnormalities are there?

Answer 35

- Obligatory | - Compensatory

Question 36

What is obligatory errors?

Answer 36

articulatory function "normal" with abnormal structure

Question 37

What are the structural descriptions for obligatory errors?

Answer 37

oronasal fistula or velopharyngeal insufficiency

Question 38

What are the common symptoms for obligatory errors?

Answer 38

- nasal air emission - hypernasality - nasal regurgitation of food

Question 39

What is the treatment for obligatory errors?

Answer 39

surgical

Question 40

What is compensatory errors?

Answer 40

Articulatory function "changed" in response to normal or abnormal structure

Question 41

What are the structural descriptions for compensatory errors?

Answer 41

- malocclusion | - high palatal arch

Question 42

What are the common symptoms for compensatory errors?

Answer 42

phonatory mislearning /n/ for /k/

Question 43

What is the treatment for compensatory errors?

Answer 43

speech therapy

Question 44

What is foundational for speech and language development?

Answer 44

hearing

Question 45

What is needed to monitor and regulate our own speech?

Answer 45

hearing

Question 46

What part of the ear collects sound waves?

Answer 46

outer ear

Question 47

What part of the ear converts sound energy into mechanical energy and transmits sound energy to auditory ossicles

Answer 47

Middle ear

Question 48

What part of the ear takes mechanical vibrations and transforms them into electrical energy?

Answer 48

inner ear

Question 49

what is the neural system?

Answer 49

- a protective mechanism which is an acoustic reflex that reduces vibrations by tensing the eardrum from very loud sounds

Question 50

Which nerve is associated with the neural system & what is its purpose?

Answer 50

the 8th cranial nerve (auditory or vestibular cochlear) which carries sensory info from cochlea to the brain

Question 51

Where is the eustachian tub (ET)?

Answer 51

originates at the rear of the nose & ends in the middle ear

Question 52

What is the primary function of the ET?

Answer 52

ventilate the middle ear to maintain equal pressure

Question 53

What is the secondary function of the ET?

Answer 53

drain secretions & debris from middle ear space

Question 54

What constitutes a healthy ET?

Answer 54

when it is closed to protect the middle ear

Question 55

what constitutes an unhealthy ET?

Answer 55

- open or blocked - pain or sensation of "ear fullness" - sounds perceived as "muffled" - creates negative pressure & fluid drawn into middle ear - at risk for chronic ear infections

Question 56

What are the 5 subdivided parts of the brain & spinal cord?

Answer 56

- Cerebrum - Basal ganglia - Thalamus - Cerebellum - Brain stem

Question 57

What part of the brain is the largest and most vital for voluntary movement & speech production?

Answer 57

cerebral cortex

Question 58

What is speech & language processed for 95% of the population?

Answer 58

left hemisphere

Question 59

where does prosody & certain aspects of social communication occur?

Answer 59

right hemisphere

Question 60

What is connecting fibers? (I'm not sure I completely understand from slide 17 on)

Answer 60

inter- & intra- hemispheric transfer of nerve cells

Question 61

What does an intact integrated function allow us to do?

Answer 61

read, write, walk, dance, & talk

Question 62

what do we know about Integrated CNS for speech?

Answer 62

- voluntary act - requires neuromuscular control - intact auditory system - interconnectivity

Question 63

What does interconnectivity allow us to do?

Answer 63

- process: perceive * comprehend - organize: store & retrieve - initiate: activate & execute - regulate: excite & inhibit - coordinate: sequence - synthesize: plan & execute

Question 64

What happens when we have a compromised CNS & speech production?

Answer 64

- communication between nerce cells is disrupted | - comprehensive evaluation of speech structures and speech production is conducted

Question 65

What is evaluated when the CNS is compromised and there is a speech production issue?

Answer 65

- structure: size & symmetry - muscle tone: flaccid vs. spastic - movement: range of mobility - control: coordination & speech of movement

Question 66

What is evaluated when the CNS is compromised and there is a speech production issue?

Answer 66

- articulation/co-articulation - voluntary movement - vocal quality