Study Guide Flashcards by Rebeca Boroica

What are the four basic systems of speech production?

respiration
phonation
resonance
articulation

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What is respiration and what is its basic contribution to speech production?

it is the power mechanism

- during speech production there is less air pressure in lungs & air rushes to meet demands for speaking

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what is phonation and what is its basic contribution to speech production? And what are the 3 aspects of voice?

phonation=vocal fold movement–>influences voice characteristics
3 aspects of voice: pitch, intensity, phonatory quality

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What is resonance and what is its basic contribution to speech production?

quality of voice
fund. frequency that is generated at the vocal folds, reverberates throughout the vocal tract
enhances acoustic proficiency

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What is articulation? What are the movable and immovable articulators?

articulation is speech sound production
moveable articulators: tongue, lips, soft palate
immoveable articulators-teeth, jaw, and alveolar ridge

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Why is our hearing essential in processing and producing speech?

hearing is foundational for speech/language development

- it helps monitor/regulate our own speech

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explain the anatomy of the eustachian tube and its primary function & secondary function

ET originates at the rear of the nose and ends in the middle ear
primary function: ventilate the middle ear to maintain equal pressure
secondary function: drain secretions & debris from middle ear space

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What is the job of a healthy Eustachian tube and what position is it in?

closed to protect the middle ear

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What does an unhealthy eustachian tube look like? and what happens when it is unhealthy?

open or blocked
pain or sensation of “earfullness”
sounds are perceived as muffled
worsening of unhealthy ET: creates negative pressure & fluid drawn into middle ear
at risk for chronic ear infections

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What is theory?

explains a natural phenomena that allows us to PREDICT FUTURE OCCURENCE & TEST through experimentation and observation

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What is model?

representation & interpretation of the theory (on a smaller scale) that GUIDES CLINICAL WORK

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What is the articulatory model?

-articulatory movements and capabilities are the contributing factors to the development of speech sounds

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What is the Vocal Tract model?

speech development is predicted partly on the growth and anatomic restructuring of the vocal tract

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What is the Motor Control model?

acquisition of speech results from early oral-sensory movements to more controlled articulatory movements

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What is the feedback model?

Acquisition of speech requires continuous feedback to maintain speech production

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What is the connectionist model?

speech production involves multiple information processing units that form interconnected and close knit networks

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What is phonology?

study of how sounds are organized and used within a language system

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what is a phoneme?

group of sounds rather than a single sound; production varies slightly in different position in words but does not change meaning

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what is a morpheme?

smalles unit of language that carries meaning

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what is a free morpheme?

whole word & can stand alone

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what is a bound morpheme?

prefix/suffix; attached to word to change word meaning

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what are minimal pairs?

similar morphemes except for one phoneme (cat vs. bat)

What is coarticulation?

the influence sounds have on one another (within words, phrases, and sentences)

What are cognate pairs?

/θ/ & /ð/ 
/ʃ/ & /ʒ/
/tʃ/ & /dʒ/ 
/v/ & /f/
/s/ & /z/
/d/ & /t/
/b/ & /p/
/k/ & /g/

What is broad (phonemic) transcription?

IPA symbols represented between slashes/vergules (/m/)-->pretty broad -generally transcribes the intended word

what is narrow (phonetic) transcription?

IPA symbols represented between brackets ([m])-->more specific -used when transcribing exactly what the client said

what are the purposes and benefits of transcription?

- allows for consistent recordings of speech sound productions - important for studying languages - highlights patterns of productions - helps differentiate between normal vs. distorted speech

What are diacritical markers and what are they used for?

special symbols used to represent variation in phoneme production

What are Oller's 5 stages of Prelinguistic development?

1. Phonation Stage: birth-1 month 2. Coo & Goo Stage: 2-3 months 3. Exploration/Expansion Stage: 4-6 months 4. Canonical Babbling Stage: 7-9 months 5. Variegated Babbling Stage: 10-12 months

What are the characteristics of the phonation stage?

- birth-1 month - they don't initiate much, they are responding to stimuli - Reflexive vocalizations with few speech like sounds - vocalizations resembling vowels - limited oral resonance

What are the characteristics of the coo & goo stage?

- 2-3 months - production of "primitive" syllable sequences - expect them to start imitating @ this stage - sounds are acoustically similar to back vowels and CV & VC syllables - Irregular timing in the opening and closing of CV segments

What are the characteristics of the Exploration/Expansion stage

- 4-6 months - increasing control of laryngeal & articulatory mechanism - period of vocal play: squeals, growls, yells, raspberries - vowel productions: better oral resonance sounding more adult-like - consonant productions: better constriction (consonant like) - productions-CV & VC syllable sequences (marginal babbling) - timing for opening and closing still difficult

What are the characteristics of the Canonical Babbling stage?

- 7-9 months - CV syllables continue and are more adult like in timing for opening & closure - Longer CV syllable strings-reduplicated syllable sequences (mama, dada) starting to represent "real" words - Phonetic repertoire-still limited but may contain stops, nasals, glides, and lax vowels (/ɛ,ɪ,ʌ/) - Production of alveolar sounds emerge

what are the characteristics of the variegated babbling stage?

- 10-12 months - CV syllable sequence continue and become more differentiated (magada, tikada) - C and V repertoire increases - Variegated syllable sequences-connected CV string resembling real statements, questions, & exclamations - Quality of intonation patterns are more adult-like - Jargon-Variegated syllables with modulated babbling

What is a true word?

-stable phonetic form similar to adult form

What are the two main categories for English phonemes?

-consonants & vowels

How are consonants produced?

produced by partial/complete "constriction" of the vocal tract

How are vowels produced?

Produced with relatively "open" vocal tract

What are monophthongs?

pure vowels-one sound

what are diphthongs?

- two simple vowels | - quick gliding from articulatory position to the next

Describe the Cv structure

open syllable consonant is prevocalic initial position

Describe vC structure

closed syllable consonant is "postvocalic" final position

Describe vCv structure

open syllable consonant is intervocalic medial positition

describe V structure

syllabic stand alone ("I") nucleus of syllables

describe Cv or CCv

onset (consonant/consonant cluster)

Describe vC, cvC, or cvCC

coda-follows the nucleus

what is production of consonants based on?

manner of production place of articulation voicing

Different levels of linguistics: | What are the differences between Phonetics vs. Phonology?

Phonetics: Phonology:

Different levels of linguistics: | What are the differences between Morphology vs. Syntax?

Morphology: Word structure Syntax: Sentence structure

Different levels of linguistics: | What are the differences between Semantics vs. Pragmatics?

Semantics: meaning/word knowledge Pragmatics: Practical use of language in social interations

How are vowels classified?

- tongue height (high, mid, low) - tongue advancement - lip rounding - tenseness features

what are the front vowels?

- i - ɪ - e - ɛ - æ - a

What are the back vowels?

- u - ʊ - o - ɔ - ɑ

What are the Central vowels?

- ə - ɚ - ʌ - ɜ^