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D1 Spring - Physiology > 1/29: Synapses > Flashcards

1/29: Synapses Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What do chemical synapses involve?

A

Neurotransmitters that are released from the presynaptci cell and bind receptors to excite, inhibit, or modify post-synaptic cell

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2
Q

What is a one-way conductor?

A

Chemical synapse

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3
Q

What determines the function?

A

The receptor, NOT the neurotransmitter

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4
Q

What is the largest known neurotransmitter receptor family?

A

serotonin

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5
Q

What are the 3 steps of a presynaptic event?

A
  1. AP arrival at the synaptic terminal causes membrane depolarization (whether it’s myelinated or unmyelinated)
  2. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open and move out the cell
  3. Ca2+ enters the synaptic terminal
  4. Exocytosis of vesicles filled with NT
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6
Q

The amount of Ca2+ that enters dictates the amount of _______ released

A

NT
- different things (Ca channel blockers) that decrease amount of Ca entry

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7
Q

There is a synaptic delay of at least ______ between the pre-synaptic depolarization and post-synaptic response

A

0.5ms

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8
Q

What is the synaptic delay due to?

A

Time for calcium entry for exocytosis
Presynaptic neurotransmitter release
Diffusion in the synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic receptor activation

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9
Q

What does the synaptic cleft/space allow one to gauge?

A

The complexity of a reflex pathway (number of synapses) by looking at the speed of the reflex

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10
Q

What are the two classifications of neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Small molecules
  2. Neuropeptides
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11
Q

How do small molecule NT act?

A

Rapidly
- elicit acute responses
- ex: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin (5-HT), histamine, glycine, GABA, glutamate, nitric oxide (NO)

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12
Q

How do neuropeptide NT act?

A

Larger molecules, slower
- effects are slower, more potent, and more prolonged
- fewer neuropeptides produced and released
- ex: LH, ACTH, vasopressin, oxytocin, angiotensin II, substance P

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13
Q

What does substance P do?

A

Connects with inflammation and pain pathway

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14
Q

What do NT bind to to cause a response?

A

receptors on a post-synaptic cell

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15
Q

What is NT action terminated by?

A

A. Re-uptake of the NT by the pre-synaptic membrane
B. Inactivation of the NT by enzymes in the synapse (ex: acetylcholinesterase)
C. Diffusion of the NT away from the synapse (and receptors)

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16
Q

What are post-synaptic events?

A

NT binds to receptor on post-synaptic cell

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17
Q

What are the two types of post-synaptic receptors?

A
  1. Ionotropic receptors
  2. Metabotropic receptors
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18
Q

What do ionotropic receptors affect?

A

Ion channels

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19
Q

Binding of the ligand and the opening or closing the channel can:

A
  1. Change a cell’s membrane potential
  2. Stimulate muscle contraction and/or relaxation
  3. Stimulate secretion
  4. Act as a second messenger to alter cellular activity
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20
Q

What are metabotropic receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)

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21
Q

Alpha and Beta adrenoceptors bind _______ and __________

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

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22
Q

All 9 adrenocoreceptors are what kind of receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors coupled to different G-proteins

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23
Q

When adrenocoreceptors couple to different g-proteins, this leads to production of different ________

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A

2nd messengers

24
Q

What are the resting membrane potentials for Na,Cl, and K?

Study These Flashcards
A

Na = 61 mV
Cl = 69 mV
K = 86 mV

25
What are the two types of graded potentials?
1. Excitation 2. Inhibition
26
What are EPSPs due to?
Opening of Na+ and Ca channels Closing of K+ and or Cl- channels
27
What do EPSPs increase the likelihood of?
That threshold is reached
28
What are IPSPs due to?
Opening of Cl- channels Increased K+ conductance
29
What do IPSPs decrease the likelihood of?
That an action potential is reached
30
It is the _______ , not the ______, that determines the response produced
specific receptor; NT
31
Summation is almost always necessary to produce an ______
AP
32
What are the two types of summation?
1. Spatial 2. Temporal
33
What is spatial summation?
Simultaneous EPSPs or IPSPs from multiple pre-synaptic neurons
34
Spatial summation is added in _______
Space - different spots on post synaptic neuron
35
What is temporal summation?
Successive EPSPs or IPSPs from a single presynaptic nerve terminal
36
Temporal summation is added in _______
Time
37
Can a spatial and temporal summation occur at the same time?
Yes
38
What is the duration of a postsynaptic potential?
Up to 15 msec
39
Excitability of a neuron changes in response to:
1. Synaptic input (pre and post synaptic) 2. Prolonged activation 3. Changes in membrane permeability, ion concentration, other chemicals
40
What makes up the synaptic input?
A. Postsynaptic inhibition or excitation B. presynaptic inhibition C. Presynaptic facilitation
41
What makes up prolonged activation?
A. Synaptic fatigue B. long term potentiation (LTP) C. Long term depression (LTD)
42
What is presynaptic inhibition and facilitation due to?
Axo-axonic synapses
43
What does presynaptic inhibition and facilitation change?
The amount of NT released into the synapse (how much Ca2+ enters the synaptic terminal)
44
What is an example of an excitatory neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
45
What is an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
GABA
46
What is synaptic fatigue due to?
Less neurotransmitter available to be released
47
Each successive stimulus is ________, but the response is progressively _______, due to ______
Identical; smaller; presynaptic change
48
Long term potentiaion and long term depression occur in response to?
Repetitive synaptic activity and cause changes in synaptic strength that can last for days to weaks
49
What is long term potentiation due to?
Memory and hippocampus involved in learning/memory Learn and develop things over time Enhancement
50
What is long term depression?
Opposite of long term potentiation
51
Long term potentiation is best studied at _____ synapses
Glutamate in the hippocampus
52
Glutamate can bind to ______ and ______ receptors on the post-synaptic neuron?
AMPA and NMDA
53
LTD is the opposite of LTP as it _______ synatic strength
Decreases
54
What are changes that increase excitability?
- hyperkalemis (up to 6mM) - hypocalcemia - alkalosis - caffein and theophylline - up-regulation of receptors
55
What are changes that decrease excitability?
- hyperkalemia (above 6mM) - hypokalemia - hypercalcemia - acidosis (can cause a coma, a coma depresses nerve excitability)(ex: diabetic DKA) - anesthetics (ex: lidocaine (block VG sodium channel and puts it in an inactive state)) - down regulation of receptors - hypoxia - fatigue
56
Yes
57
Neurons A and B synapse with neuron X. If both neurons A and B release neurotransmitter in the synapse with neuron X at the same time, this is an example of _____.
Spatial summation

D1 Spring - Physiology (17 decks)

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