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D1 Spring - Physiology > 2/1: CNS Overview II > Flashcards

2/1: CNS Overview II Flashcards

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1
Q

What is acetylcholine involved in?

A

Cognitive functions, especially memory

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2
Q

What accounts for a majority of dementia cases?

A

Alzheimer’s disease
*incidence increases with age

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3
Q

What is alzheimers disease due to?

A

Neuronal accumulation of abnormal proteins (A-beta amyloid and tau -a microtubule associated protein) and neurofibrially

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4
Q

What are areas severly impacted by alzheimer’s diseaes?

A

Hippocampus and temporal lobes

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5
Q

What does acetylcholien cause?

A

Degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of meynert that project throughout the cortex

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6
Q

What is treatment for alzheimer’s disease?

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA (Glutamate receptor) antagonist

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7
Q

What does serotonin influence?

A

Sleep, cognition, sensory perception, motor activity, temperature regulation, nociception, mood, appetite, sexual behavior, and hormone secretion

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8
Q

It has been hypothesized that every neuron in the brain may be in ________ contact with a _______ neuron

A

Synaptic; serotonin

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9
Q

Where are raphe nuclei located?

A

In the midbrain (ex. nucleus raphe dorsalis), pons (ex. nucleus raphe pontis), and medulla obllongata (ex. nucleus raphe magnus)

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10
Q

What is the nucleus raphe magnus involved in?

A

Dampening ascending pain (nociceptive) signals

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11
Q

What are physiological processes under dopaminergic control?

A

Reward, emotion, cognition, memory, and motor activity

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12
Q

Where do neurons in the substantia nigra compacta project to?

A

Basal nuclei

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13
Q

What is the pathway the defenerates in parkinson’s disease?

A

Substantia Nigra compacta which causes bradykenesia

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14
Q

Where do neurons in the ventral tegmental area peoject to?

A

The nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex

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15
Q

What is dysfunction in the ventral tegmental area associated with?

A

Addiction, schizophrenia and psychoses (bipolar depression) and learning deficits

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16
Q

What does norepinephrine impact?

A

All areas of the brain and facilitates excitatory synaptic transmission leading to attention (alert state) and arousal

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17
Q

What is it suggested that depression is related to?

A

Deficiency in the amount or function of cortical and limbic serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA)

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18
Q

All cases of antidepressants appear to enhance?

A

Synaptic availability of 5-HT, norepinephrine, or dopamine

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19
Q

Most voluntary movements ‘initiated’ by the cerebral cortex are achieved when the cortex activates ‘patterns’ of function stored in what areas?

A

Lower brain areas - the brainstem, basal ganglia, and cerebellum

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20
Q

The motor system learns by?

A

Doing

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21
Q

The motor systems performance improves with?

A

Repetition - involves long-term potentiation

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22
Q

The brainstem along with the ____ can activate ________

A

Thalamus; lower motor neurons

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23
Q

If you want a muscle to contract you need to activate _______

A

Lower motor neurons

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24
Q

ACH binds to ________ which always causes _______

A

Nicotinic receptor; EPSP (contraction)

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25
Upper motor neurons from the ______ intiate and direct sequences of _____ movement which is known as the ______ pathway
cerebral cortex; voluntary movement; pyramidal pathway
26
Other upper motor neurons originate in the _______________ and direct _________
Motor centers in the brainstem (extrapyramidal pathways); subconscious muscle tone, posture, balance, and orientation of the head and body
27
Voluntary movement is associated with what pathway?
Pyramidal pathway
28
Subconscious movement is associated with what pathway?
Extrapyramidal pathway
29
The lower motor neuron is _________ and releases ______ that binds to ________ on ___________
Cholinergic; ACH; nicotinic receptors; skeletal muscle
30
What does damage to the upper motor neuron cause?
Spastic paralysis on muscles on the opposite side of the body
31
Spastic paralysis on muscles on the opposite side of the body cause what?
Increased muscle tone, exaggeration of reflexes and pathological reflexes such as babinski reflex
32
What does damage to the lower motor neuron cause?
Flaccid paralysis of muscles on the same side of the body
33
What does Flaccid paralysis of muscles on the same side of the body mean?
There is neither voluntary nor reflex action of the muscle fibers Flaccid paralysis is like a floppy doll compared to a barbie doll that is high tone
34
What are the three regions of the motor cortex?
1. Premotor area/cortex 2. Supplementary motor area/cortex 3. Primary motor area/cortex
35
What does the premotor cortex set?
Posture (ex: position, shoulder, and arm) at the start of planned movement
36
What does the premotor area determine?
The overall motor plam Premotor = Plan
37
What does the primary motor cortex in the upper motor neuron activate?
Specific muscles to execute the plan
38
More than half of the primary motor cortex is devoted to controlling?
The muscles of the hands and muscles of speech
39
What is the supplementary motor cortex involved in?
Organizing or planning motor sequences Supplementary = Sequences
40
What do lesions in supplementary motor cortex produce?
Awkwardness in performing complex activities and difficulty with bimanual coordination
41
What do axons from neurons in the supplementary and primary motor cortex make up?
The corticospinal (lateral and ventral) and corticobulbar tracts
42
What indiciates a cortical areas function?
Cerebral blood flow
43
What is the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract called?
The direct motor pathway
44
Fibers from the corticospinal tract originate and descend where?
motor cortex and descend through the inernal capsule of the cerebrum
45
In the medulla oblongata, axon bundles are known as?
Pyramids
46
90% of the axons decussate to the contralateral side in the medulla oblongata and these axons form?
Lateral corticospinal tract of the spinal cord Distal muscles (hands, feet)
47
The 10% that do not decussate in the medulla and these axons form the?
Anterior corticospinal tract Proximal muscles (pelvic girdle, muscles of trunk)
48
Anterior corticospinal tract fibers decussate where? and synapse where?
In the spinal cord; synapse with the lower motor neuron
49
What do both lateral corticospinal tract and anterior corticospinal tract synapse with?
The lower motor neuron's ventral horn of the spinal cord
50
Where do corticobulbar tract fibers originate and terminate?
Originate: motor cortex Terminate: nuclei in hthe brainste,
51
What cranial nerves receive input from the corticobulbar tract?
Oculomotor (CN III) Trochlear (CN IV) trigeminal (CN V) Abducens (CN VI) Facial (CN VII) Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) Vagus (CN X) Accessory (CN XI) Hypoglossal (CN XII)
52
What do corticobulbar tract fibers innervate?
Lower motor neuron that control conscious control over skeletal muscles that move the eye, jaw, face, and some muscles of the neck and pharynx
53
What is the innervation of corticobulbar tract msuscles?
Bilateral (except genioglossus muscle and some muscles innervated by the facial nerve)
54
If a cranial nerve controls skeletal muscle, then the _________ pathway is activating the LMN
Corticobulbar pathway
55
What pathways regulate the activity of the LMN?
Corticospinal (anterior and lateral) Corticubulbar
56
What are the extrapyramidal motor tracts responsible for?
Subconscious control of skeletal muscles
57
What is the location of the rubrospinal tract in the UMN?
Red nucleus in midbrain
58
What is the site of crossover for the rubro spinal tract?
midbrain
59
What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?
Upper limb muscle tone and movement
60
What is the location of the tectospinal tract in the UMN?
Midbrain (superior and inferior colliculi)
61
What is the site of crossover of the tectispinal tract?
Midbrain
62
What is the function of the tectospinal tract?
Regulation of eye, head, neck and UL position in response to visual and auditory stimuli
63
What is the location of the vestibulospinal tract in the UMN?
Vestibular nucleus (pons and medulla)
64
What is the site of crossover in the vestibulospinal tract?
None (controls ipsilateral muscles)
65
What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?
Regulation of balance and muscle tone
66
What is the location of the reticulospinal tract in the UMN?
Media RS (pons +) Lateral RS (medulla -)
67
What is the site of crossover for the reticulospinal tract?
None (controls ipsilateral muscles)
68
What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?
Regulates muscles of the trunk and limbs for maintaining posture and tone in response to ongoing body movements
69
What is UMN activity regulated by?
Basal nuclei via the thalamus
70
What are basal nuclei involved in?
Initiating and terminating movements Suppressing unwatned movements Establishing a normal level of muscle tone
71
What does substance nigra do?
Dopaminergic that turns up direct pathway of basal nuclei and turns down indirect pathway which increases motor activity
72
What is the result of direct pathway?
More activation in motor cortex
73
What do striatal interneurons cholinergic do?
Turn DOWN the direct pathway Turn UP the indirect pathway Decreased VAVL drive to cortex LESS MOTOR ACTIVITY
74
What does substantia nigra dopaminergic do?
Turn UP the direct pathway Turn DOWN the indirect pathway INCREASED VAVL drive to cortex MORE MOTOR ACTIVITY
75
What kind of disorder is parkinsons?
Hypokinetic disorder
76
How does parkinson's disease occur?
Loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra that project to the striatum where they inhibit cholinergic neurons
77
What are clinical manifestations of parkinsons?
Bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity, pill rolling, tremor, shuffling gate, stooped posture, depression, dementia
78
When a tremor impacts the tongue and lips, what does this further impact?
Mastication, swallowing, and speech
79
What are common oral mangiestations?
Due to the medications for parkinsons (targeted at dopamine) Difficulty with oral hygeine, xerostomia, burning mouht/mucositis, difficulty swallowing, drooling, and less caries/more teeth than age matched controls
80
What kind of disorder is huntington?
Hyperkinetic disorder
81
What is huntington disease?
Autosomal dominant genetic disease Loss of GABAergic neurons, resulting in reduced inhibitory output from the striatum
82
What are clinical manifestations of huntington disease?
Chorea (multiple, rapid, random movements)l athetosis (slow writhing movements), personality changes, dementia
83
What are oral manifestations of huntington disease?
Speech difficulties, grimacing, dysphagia Treatment can be hindered by involuntary mouth and jaw movements Sedation may be required for treatment of some patients
84
What is the cerebellum involved in monitoring?
Dufferences between intended movements and movements actually performed
85
What commands does the cerbellum issue?
To UMN to reduce errors in movements
86
What does the cerebellum coordinate?
Body movements to maintain normal posture and balance
87
What do cerebellum diseases result in?
Alterations in gait, balance, and coordination of motor activities; NOT paralysis
88
What are examples of cerebellar diseases?
Dysmetria Dysdiadochokinesia (difficulty w/ rapid alternating movements)
89
Where does the spinocerebellum receive input from?
Muscle spindles and golgi tendon organ (GTO) via spinocerebellar tracts
90
What are the functions of the spinocerebellum?
Coordination of body and limb movement, maintenance of muscle tone
91
What are effect of a spinocerebellum lesion?
Ataxia Dysdiadochokinesia Dysmetria Intention tremor Hypotonia
92
Where does the vestibulocerebellum receive input from?
Vestibular nuclei CN VIII Superior Colliculi Visual cortex
93
What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?
Balance and eye movement
94
What are effect of vestibulocerebellum lesions?
Vertigo Nystagmus
95
Where does the cerebrocerebellum receive input from?
Cerebral cortex and inferior olivary nucleus in medulla
96
What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?
Planning and execution of movements; coordinating complex sequential movements
97
What are effect lesions of cerebrocerebellum?
Abnormal coordination of ipsilateral movements Dysdiadochokinesia Dysmetria Intention tremor
98
What is the pathway starting from where you get an idea to when it becomes a movement?
99
What does the vestibulocerebellum receive input from?
Vestibular system
100
What does the vestibulocerebellum adjust the action of?
Reticulospinal and vestibulospinal pathways
101
What neurotransmitter is produced by nucleus basalis of meynert?
Acetylcholine
102
What neurotransmitter is produced by raphe nuclei?
Serotonin
103
What neurotransmitter is produced by substantia nigra compacta and ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens?
Dopamine
104

D1 Spring - Physiology (17 decks)

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