1-3: Intro, The First Animals, Metazoans

Question 1

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 1

Same feature, different evolutionary origin eg. wings

Question 2

What is divergent evolution?

Answer 2

Where closely related species have differentiated

Question 3

What are ctenophores?

Answer 3

Comb jellies

Question 4

Features of ctenophora

Answer 4

Radial rotational symmetry
A mouth and anus (unlike anemones)
Complex anatomy with nerves and muscles

Question 5

Example of a biomarker fossil

Answer 5

24-isoproyl: unique biomolecule found in desmosponges, found a lot in the Ediacaran

Question 6

2 types of fossil

Answer 6

Biomarker and Body fossils

Question 7

What era contains the best evidence for sponges, cnidaria and ctenophora?

Answer 7

Cambrian

Question 8

Order of kingdom etc

Answer 8

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species- kangaroos punch children on family games show

Question 9

What is a homologous trait?

Answer 9

A trait derived from a common ancestor

Question 10

What is an analogous trait?

Answer 10

Traits that looks similar, but have different evolutionary origins, eg wings

Question 11

What is a character?

Answer 11

A feature inherited by an organism

Question 12

What is a synapomorphy?

Answer 12

A shared/derived trait unique to a clade (group)

Question 13

What is a pleisomorphy?

Answer 13

An inherited trait shared with ancestors

Question 14

Example of a fabricational constraint

Answer 14

Biomaterials for limpit shells

Question 15

Example of a functional constraint

Answer 15

O2 diffusion limiting insect body size

Question 16

Branching Ediacaran biota examples

Answer 16

Vendobionta- thought to be like sea pens (cnidaria), but actually a different group
Show fractal growth
Another example is Bradgatia

Question 17

Radial Ediacaran biota

Answer 17

Aspidella- probably hold-fasts or microbial

Question 18

Possibly bilateral Ediacaran biota

Answer 18

Spriggina- an annelid/arthropod? Had glide symmetry, similar to Vendobionta
Kimberella- a cnidarian/ctenophore? Soft shell, radula, and mantle, so maybe mollusc?
Dickensonia- can see grazing movements

Question 19

General features of Ediacaran biota

Answer 19

Flat planes
Microbial mat surface
Mainly epibenthic
Almost all sessile,
Asexual reproduction
2D world

Question 20

What are porifera?

Answer 20

Sponges

Question 21

Features of porifera

Answer 21

Different cell types; flagellated cells called choanocytes create water current through the sponge
Filter feed
No symmetry
No organs
Have spicules for strength- clades are based on the minerals in the spicules, give strength

Question 22

When was the Phanerozoic?

Answer 22

0-540 mya

Question 23

When was the Proterozoic?

Answer 23

540-2500 mya

Question 24

When was the Archean?

Answer 24

2500-4000 mya

Question 25

When was the Hadean?

Answer 25

4000-4600 mya

Question 26

Neontology Vs paleontology

Answer 26

Neon is living, paleo is dead

Question 27

What are phylogenetic constraints?

Answer 27

Basic body plans can't just be completely changed, just modified

Question 28

What are cnidaria?

Answer 28

Jellyfish, anemones, corals

Question 29

Synapomorphy of cnidaria

Answer 29

Nematocysts (housed in cnidocyte cells)

Question 30

Features of cnidaria

Answer 30

``` Nematocysts Radial symmetry Diploblastic (endoderm and ectoderm) Have nerves and muscles Can be motile or sessile Medusa or polyp; similar life cycles but emphasis on different bits ```

Question 31

Taxonomy definition

Answer 31

Grouping based on shared characteristics

Question 32

What are systematics?

Answer 32

The study of evolutionary relationships

Question 33

What is an adaptation?

Answer 33

A characteristic that enhances survival and reproduction

Question 34

What is an exaptation?

Answer 34

A pre-adaptation- the feature has been co-opted for a new function

Question 35

What is an animal?

Answer 35

``` Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic No rigid cell wall Motile Consume other organisms ```

Question 36

What is paraphyly?

Answer 36

One group doesn't belong (see pictures)

Question 37

What is polyphyly?

Answer 37

Different evolutionary origins (see picture)

Question 38

Placozoa features

Answer 38

``` Only one species (Trichoplax) 1mm wide Flat Move by ciliated epithelium Reproduce by asexual budding (weird for an animal) Moved like Dickensonia? ```

Question 39

What is monophyly?

Answer 39

Share a single evolutionary origin (see picture)

Question 40

Phenetic species concept

Answer 40

Groups can resemble each other but are distinct- identical sibling species, eg. mosquitoes

Question 41

What do morphological/genomic studies say is the sister to all other animals?

Answer 41

Morphological: sponges, Genomic: ctenophora

Question 42

What is a sister taxon?

Answer 42

The closest relatives in the evolutionary tree

Question 43

In what era was first life?

Answer 43

Towards the end of the Hadean

Question 44

In what era did photosynthesis begin?

Answer 44

Early Archean

Question 45

When did earth become oxygen rich?

Answer 45

Early Proterozoic

Question 46

When was snowball earth?

Answer 46

Early Proterozoic

Question 47

When were the first vertebrates?

Answer 47

Mid Phanerozoic

Question 48

When were the dinosaurs?

Answer 48

Towards the end of the Phanerozoic