1/31 Exam 2 Howard Circulatory System Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
What are the two parts of the circulatory system?
A
- blood vascular system (cardiovascular system)
- lymphatic vascular system
2
Q
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
A
Transports blood
3
Q
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
A
Collects and transports lymph fluid back to blood vascular system
4
Q
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
A
Heart and blood vessels
5
Q
What are the two branches of the cardiovascular system?
A
- pulmonary
- systemic
6
Q
What is the path of blood flow in the pulmonary circuit?
A
- vena cava
- right atrium
- right ventricle
- pulmonary arteries
7
Q
What is the path of blood flow in the systemic circuit?
A
- pulmonary veins
- left atrium
- left ventricle
- to body
8
Q
_____ brings oxygen-poor blood to lungs
A
Pulmonary circuit
9
Q
_____ brings oxygen-rich blood to body
A
Systemic circuit
10
Q
What is the heart?
A
- pump
- four chambered
- responsible for blood flow
11
Q
What are the layers of the heart?
A
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
12
Q
The epicardium is also known as:
A
Visceral percardium
13
Q
Endocardium is lined with:
A
Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
14
Q
____ encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid
A
Pericardium
15
Q
What is the pericardium?
A
Double walled pericardial sac with a serous and fibrous layer
16
Q
What is the function of the peridardium?
A
Allows the heart to slip and slide around as it is beating
17
Q
Epicardium aka:
A
visceral layer of the serous pericardium
18
Q
The epicardium is lined with _____ called ______
A
Simple squamous epithelium; mesothelium
19
Q
Epicardium contains:
A
- Loose connective tissue that contains coronary vessels, nerves, ganglia
- adipose tissue
20
Q
Thickest of the three layers
A
Myocardium
21
Q
Myocardium is composed of:
A
Cardiac muscle
22
Q
Myocardium contains muscle cells such as:
A
- Sinoatrial node
- atrioventricular node
- Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
- purkinje fibers
- ANP cells (specialized cells that secreted ANP)
23
Q
What is the function of the SA node?
A
- pacemaker of the heart
- sets pumping rate
24
Q
Where is the SA node located?
A
Junction superior vena cava, right atrium
25
What is the function of the AV node?
accepts impulses from SA node
26
Where is the AV node located?
Medial wall of right ventricle
27
Bundle of His serves ____
Both ventricles
28
What are purkinje fibers?
branches of the bundle of His
29
What is ANP?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
30
ANP is primarily produced by:
Cells of the auricles of the atria
31
What is the function of ANP?
- Promotes salt and water excretion by the kidneys
- lowers blood pressure
32
The effects of ANP are antagonistic to _____
Aldosterone
33
What is the endocardium?
Innermost layer of the heart
34
Endocardium is lined by ____ which is termed _____
simple squamous epithelium; endothelium
35
Where is the subendocardial layer found?
Between the endocardium and myocardium
36
What does the subendocardial layer contain?
- fibroelastic connective tissue
- small blood vessels
- nerves
- purkinje fibers
37
Arteries carry blood _____
Away from the heart
38
Types of arteries
- elastic
- muscular
- arterioles
- metarterioles
39
____ are conducting or large arteries
Elastic
40
____ are distributing or medium arteries
Muscular
41
Functions of arterioles
- regulate blood pressure
- vasoconstrict or vasodilate
- distribute blood to capillaries
42
Veins carry blood _____
Away from body tissues, toward the heart
43
Types of veins
Small, medium, large
44
Small veins are termed:
Venules
45
What is the function of venules?
- exchange of material
- respond to vasodilators (serotonin, histamine)
46
Do capillaries contain smooth muscle?
No - no vasomotor
47
Types of capillaries
- fenestrated
- continuous
- discontinuous
48
Blood vessels have a constant design, consisting of:
3 tunics (tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia)
49
Tunica intima is lined with:
Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
50
Tunica intima contains what components?
- endothelium
- subendothelium (connective tissue)
- internal elastic lamina
51
Tunica media contains:
- muscle and/or elastic fibers
- connective tissue
- external elastic lamina
52
Tunica adventitia contains:
- primarily connective tissue
- scattered muscle fibers, vasa vasorum, nerve fibers
53
Blood vessels contain a general structure. What makes arteries and veins different?
Size of each tunic
54
_____ have an incomplete internal elastic lamina
Elastic arteries
55
_____ contain 40-70 fenestrated elastic membranes
Elastic arteries
56
_____ contain ~40 layers of smooth muscle cells
Muscular arteries
57
Arterioles contain ____ layers of smooth muscle cells
1-2
58
In metarterioles, ____ are formed by _____ of smooth muscle cells. These encircle _____
Precapillary sphincters; incomplete rings; origins of the capillaries
59
As blood moves through larger to smaller arteries, the tunica media gets:
Thinner and thinner
60
What are metarterioles?
Terminal ends of the arterioles
61
Endothelial cell functions (8)
- barrier function (selectively permeable membrane)
- vasoconstriction and vasodilation
- inhibition of coagulation
- facilitation of transepithelial migration of inflammatory cells
- angiogenesis
- synthesis of growth factors
- modifying angiotensin I
- oxidation of lipoproteins
62
Endothelin I is secreted by _____ and attaches to _____
Capillary endothelial cells; vascular smooth muscle cells
63
What is endothelin I?
**potent vasoconstrictor**; keeps smooth muscle cells contracted for long periods of time resulting in **elevated blood pressure**
64
Some _____ cells contain Weibel-Palade bodies, meaning they contain _____
Endothelial; von Willebrand factor
65
Function of von Willebrand factor
- Facilitates coagulation of platelets
- mediates adhesion of platelets to damaged epithelial surfaces
66
____ mediated adhesion of platelets to damaged epithelial surfaces
von Willebrand factor
67
Von Willebrand disease is ____
Inherited
68
Describe symptoms of Von Willebrand disease
- impaired platelet adhesion
- prolonged coagulation time
- excessive bleeding
69
____, especially _____, are responsible for exchange of materials
Venules; postcapillary venules
70
Venules contain _____ instead of a tunica media
Pericytes
71
______ act on small venules
Serotonin and histamine
72
What is the effect of serotonin and histamine on small venules?
Makes them **leaky** by increasing the distances between membranes of contiguous endothelial cells
73
Most intracellular gaps occur in _____ venules rather than in capillaries
Postcapillary
74
Leukocytes leave the vascular system at the _____ to enter the connective tissue space via diapedesis
Postcapillary venules
| pass through intercellular junctions of endothelial cells
75
What are pericytes?
Contractile cells that wrap around the endothelial cells that line capillaries and venules
76
Pericytes have some ____ properties
Contractile
77
Capillary types
- Continuous
- Fenestrated
- Sinusoidal (discontinuous)
78
____ capillaries have the smallest diameter and form tight junctions
Continuous capillaries
79
_____ have an intermediate diameter and form tight junctions
Fenestrated capillaries
80
_____ have the largest diameter and have discontinuous endothelium and basal lamina
Sinusoidal capillaries
81
_____ can pass through the fenestrations of fenestrated capillaries
Larger molecules
81
_____ and _____ have the ability to alter cappilary permeability
Bradykinin and histamine
81
Capillary permeability is dependent on:
- type of endothelial cell
- size, charge, shape of traversing substance
82
Capillary permeability allows for:
- diffusion
- active transport
- movement through fenestrae or through gaps in the intercellular junctions
83
Where are continuous capillaries found?
- muscle
- thymus
- nervous and connective tissues
84
What moves across the continuous capillary wall?
- amino acids
- glucose
- nucleosides
- purines
85
Continuous capillaries are characterized by:
abundance of pinocytotic vesicles
86
What is diapedesis?
Passage of blood cells, especially leukocytes, through the unruptured walls of capillaries (and small venules) into tissue
87
_____ is one of the first inflammatory responses to infection
Diapedesis
88
During diapedesis, molecules pass through the areas of the ____ which have _____ in response to the infectious process
Tight junctions; loosened
89
Fenestrated capillaries are characterized by _____
Pores in their walls that are covered by a pore diaphragm
90
Fenestrated capillaries allow ______ compared to the continuous capillary
More to travel across the wall
91
Where are fenestrated capillaries found?
Pancreas, intestines, endocrine glands
92
______ have discontinuous endothelial cells and basal lamina
Sinusoidal/discontinuous capillaries
93
Sinusoidal capillaries contain:
Large fenestrae without diaphragms
94
Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?
- bone marrow
- liver
- spleen
- some of the endocrine glands
95
Sinusoidal capillaries have an _____ diameter
Enlarged
96
____ are often located either in or along the outside of the endothelial wall of sinusoidal capillaries
Macrophages
