Exam 3 Howard Urinary System Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of the urinary system?
A
- Maintain homeostasis
- Remove toxic byproducts of metabolism from blood
- Remove urine from body
- Endocrine (produce hormones)
- Convert vitamin D precursor to active vitamin D
2
Q
What are the parts of the urinary system?
A
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
3
Q
____ are conserved when maintaining homeostasis in the urinary system
A
Fluids and nutrients
4
Q
What hormones are produced by the urinary system?
A
- Renin
- Erythropoietin
- Prostaglandins
5
Q
What is regulated when maintaining homeostasis in the urinary system?
A
- Blood pressure
- Fluid volume
- Acid/base balance
6
Q
What are some characteristics of the kidneys?
A
Large, red, bean-shaped
7
Q
Where are the kidneys situated?
A
Retroperitoneal in the posterior abdominal wall
8
Q
Why is the right kidney lower than the left kidney?
A
Due to the position of the liver superior to it
9
Q
Which portion of the kidney faces medially?
A
Concave
10
Q
Which portion of the kidney is situated laterally?
A
Convex
11
Q
What is found on the concave portion of the kidney?
A
Recessed central fissure called hilum
12
Q
The kidney is embedded in:
A
Perirenal fat
13
Q
The ___ is a fat filled extension of the hilum
A
Renal sinus
14
Q
____ connects to the ureters
A
Renal pelvis
15
Q
What are the approximate measurements of the kidney?
A
11 cm x 4-5 cm x 2-3 cm
16
Q
What region is the cortex of the kidney in?
A
Juxtamedullary region
17
Q
What color is the outer cortex of the kidney?
A
Dark brown, granular
18
Q
How many renal pyramids are located in the medulla?
A
6-12
19
Q
What are the characteristics of the renal pyramids?
A
Striated
Base towards cortex
Apex towards hilum
20
Q
The apex of the renal pyramid connects to:
A
Renal papilla
21
Q
What side of the renal pyramid forms the corticomedullary border?
A
Base
22
Q
What are the three parts of the kidney lobe?
A
Renal pyramid
Cortical arch
Cortical columns of Bertin
23
Q
What are the cortical columns of Bertin also known as?
A
Renal columns
24
Q
What do the renal columns resemble?
A
Cortex
25
What are the ducts of Bellini?
Tubes of each pyramid converge
26
What do the ducts of Bellini drain into?
Minor calyx
27
True or false: the human kidney is multilobular
True
28
___ minor calyces drain into major calyces
2-3
29
Where do major calyces drain into?
Renal pelvis
30
___ major calyces drain into renal pelvis
3-4
31
In what organisms are multilobular kidneys found?
Humans and swine
32
In what organisms are unilobular kidneys found?
Monkeys and carnivores
33
The convex surface of the fetal kidney is ____
Irregular due to development stage
34
The papilla of the fetal kidney projects into:
Pelvicalyceal space
35
What is the kidney capsule made up of?
- dense irregular collagenous CT
- occasional elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells
- occasional capsular vessels
36
What is the unit of structure and function in the kidney?
Uriniferous tubule
37
The uriniferous tubule is highly ____
Convoluted
38
What is the function of the uriniferous tubule?
Modifies fluid to make urine
39
The epithelia of the uriniferous tubule have ____
Basal lamina
40
What are the two components of the uriniferous tubule?
Nephron
Collecting tubule
41
There are ____ nephrons per kidney
1-3 million
42
What are the characteristics of the nephron?
Densely packed, scant CT stroma
43
How many nephrons does a single collecting duct drain?
Several
44
What do the collecting ducts converge to form?
Ducts of Bellini
45
What are the two types of nephrons?
- Cortical
- Juxtamedullary
46
What are the two components of the nephron?
- Renal corpuscle
- Complex tubular system
47
15% of nephrons are ____
Juxtamedullary
48
The juxtamedullary nephron is about ___ in length
40 mm
49
Which component of the nephron filters fluid expressed from the blood?
Renal corpuscle
50
What component of the nephron modifies filtrate to form urine?
Complex tubular system
51
What structures are included in the cortex of the nephron?
- Renal corpuscle
- Proximal and distal convoluted tubules
- Collecting tubules
52
What structures are included in the medulla?
Loops of Henle
Larger collecting tubules
53
The capillary bed of the renal corpuscle is:
Completely arterial
54
What are the two portions of the renal corpuscle?
- Glomerulus (capillary tuft)
- Bowman's capsule
55
The vascular pole of the renal corpuscle contains:
Afferent and efferent arterioles
56
What does the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle form?
Connection with proximal tubule
57
What is the glomerulus?
Tufts of fenestrated anastomosing capillaries
58
What are the characteristics of the fenestrated anastomosing capillaries in the glomerulus?
- Large pores
- 70-90 nm
- Only exclude elements of blood and proteins larger than 69 kDa
59
What are the two layers of Bowman's capsule?
- Parietal (simple squamous epithelium)
- Visceral (podocytes)
60
What are podocytes?
Highly modified epithelial cells with a filtering function
61
What are the two types of cytoplasmic extensions of the podocytes?
- Primary
- Secondary (pedicel) - create filtration slits
62
What are the two types of mesangial cells?
Extraglomerular and intraglomerular mesangial cells
63
What are the two functions of the intraglomerular mesangial cells?
- Phagocytic
- Contractile
64
What is the function of the phagocytic intraglomerular mesangial cells?
Clear basal lamina of proteins and other large molecules trapped by basal lamina
65
What is the function of contractile intraglomerular mesangial cells?
Have receptors for angiotensin II which causes vasoconstriction, thus reducing flow
66
How does fluid leave capillaries?
Fenestrae
67
What size particles are the limits for filtration?
Greater than 69 kDa
68
The basal lamina impedes:
Negatively charged molecules
69
What passes through the filtration slit diaphragm?
Uncharged and less than 4 nm
70
Glomerular ultrafiltrate is located in:
Bowman's space
71
Where does glomerular ultrafiltrate flow into?
Proximal tubule
72
True or false: glomerular ultrafiltrate is not yet urine
True
73
What type of epithelium makes up Bowman's capsule?
Simple squamous epithelium
74
What is Bowman's capsule also known as?
Urinary space
75
What type of tissue makes up the glomerulus?
Capillary tuft (endothelium)
76
Can you distinguish podocytes from mesangial cells with H & E?
No
77
What are the two components of the proximal portion of the nephron?
- Convoluted tubule
- Descending thick limb of Henle (straight portion)
78
What makes up the limbs and loop of Henle in the nephron?
- This descending limb
- loop
- Ascending thin limb
79
What are the three components of the distal portion of the nephron?
- Ascending thick limb straight portion (Pars recta)
- Macula densa
- Convoluted tubule (Pars convoluta)
80
What are the histological characteristics of the proximal tubule?
- Simple cuboidal
- Eosinophilic granular cytoplasm
- Elaborate striated border
- Intricate lateral processes (lateral cell membranes not apparent)
81
What does the proximal tubule recover?
- 67-80% of Na+, Cl-, H2O
- All of glucose, amino acids, and proteins
82
The proximal tubule eliminates:
Organic solutes, drugs, toxins
83
What are the histological characteristics of the Henle complex?
- Squamous epithelium
- Bulging nuclei
- Descending limb
- Ascending limb
84
What is the descending limb of the Henle complex permeable to?
Water, urea, sodium, chloride, and other ions
85
The ____ is only moderately permeable to water
Ascending limb of Henle complex
86
What is the ascending thick limb of the distal tubule impermeable to?
Water or urea
87
What type of pump does the ascending thick limb of the distal tubule possess?
Chloride (and possibly sodium) pump that actively transports chloride/sodium from the lumen
88
____ is impermeable to water and urea
Convoluted part of the distal tubule
89
What type of pump does the convoluted portion of the distal tubule contain?
Basal Na+/K+ ATPase powered sodium-potassium exchange pump
90
What is the macula densa a junction between?
Recta and convoluta
91
What are the histological characteristics of the distal tubule?
Luminal space more apparent
More nuclei
Paler staining
More proximal convoluted tubules present in any one area because they are longer
92
____ is the modified portion of the distal tubule between ascending thick limb and distal convoluted tubule
Macula densa
93
What are the juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole?
Modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole
94
What do the granules of the juxtaglomerular cells contain?
- Renin
- Also contain angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin I, angiotensin II
95
What type of mesangial cells does the juxtaglomerular apparatus contain?
Extraglomerular
96
____ is missing in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Basal lamina (so cells are in direct contact)
97
The juxtaglomerular apparatus monitors:
Composition of filtrate
98
Collecting tubules are primarily:
Conduits
99
What type of epithelium do collecting tubules have?
Simple cuboidal
100
What are the 3 major divisions of the collecting tubules?
- Cortical
- Medullary
- Papillary
101
Cortical collecting ducts contain ___ epithelium located in ____
Cuboidal; medullary rays
102
What are the two major cell types of the cortical collecting ducts?
- Principal
- Intercalated
103
____ are evident in cortical collecting ducts
Lateral cell membranes
104
What do the intercalated cells of the cortical collecting ducts do?
Actively transport and secrete H+, thus modulating acid-base balance
105
Which collecting ducts have a larger caliber?
Medullary collecting tubules
106
____ is a union of several cortical collecting tubules
Medullary collecting tubules
107
The inner zone of the medulla contains ____ cells only
Principal cells
108
The outer zone of the medulla contains:
Both principal and intercalated cells
109
What are papillary collecting tubules also known as?
Ducts of bellini
110
What are papillary collecting tubules formed by?
Union of medullary collecting tubules
111
Papillary collecting tubules contain ____ epithelium
Large, tall simple columnar
112
Where are papillary collecting tubules located?
At apex of renal pyramid
113
What do the papillary collecting tubules empty into?
Minor calyx
114
The kidney medulla appears:
Striated
115
Many vascular elements are noted in the renal medulla, which are called:
Vasa recta spuria
116
What are the 5 components of the excretory passages?
* Minor and major calyces
* Renal pelvis of the kidney
* Ureter
* Single urinary bladder
* Single urethra
117
Where does the apex of the renal pyramid sit?
In minor calyx
118
What is the apex of the renal pyramid covered in?
Transitional epithelium
119
What is the coat of the minor calyces made of?
Thin muscular coat (smooth muscle) which propels urine
120
What happens to the walls as you move down the excretory passages?
Walls thicken
121
What does the ureter do?
Conveys urine from kidneys to bladder
122
What does the single urinary bladder do?
Stores urine
123
What does the single urethra do?
Conveys urine to outside of the body
124
The ureter delivers urine to:
Bladder
125
What type of tissues make up the ureter?
* Mucosa (epithelium + CT), convoluted
* Muscular coat
* Fibrous connective tissue covering
126
What are the three layers of the muscular coat of the ureter?
Inner longitudinal
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal
127
What type of epithelium does the ureter have?
Transitional
128
____ stores urine
Bladder
129
The mucosa of the urinary bladder has folds when:
Empty
130
The urinary bladder has what kind of epithelium?
Transitional
131
What are the layers of the muscularis of the urinary bladder?
Inner longitudinal
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal
132
What happens to the shape of the transitional epithelium cells when distended?
Dome shaped cells become flat
