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Question 0

Atoms

Answer 0

Consist of protons, neutrons and electrons

Question 1

Molecules

Answer 1

Made up of different combinations of type and number of atoms
Formed when an ion with +/- electrons finds another ion with the opposite problem. E.g. Sodium and chlorine. They become a molecule called SODIUM CHLORIDE (table salt).

Question 2

Protons

Answer 2

Positive charge
Found in nucleus
Number of protons = atomic number

Question 3

Neutrons

Answer 3

Neutral charge

Found in nucleus

Question 4

Electrons

Answer 4

Negative charge
Orbit the nucleus in shells (first shell = 2, second = 8)
In a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons - the positive charges cancel out the negative charges

Question 5

Chemical bonds

Answer 5

Connect atoms

E.g. Sodium and chlorine bonding.

Question 6

Inert atom

Answer 6

Unreactive
Cannot lose or gain electrons (because it has enough in each shell)
E.g. Neon

Question 7

Atomic stability

Answer 7

When the atom has enough (8) electrons in its 2nd+ shells

Question 8

Ion

Answer 8

Atom with extra or missing electrons

Question 9

Ionic bonds

Answer 9

Atoms with different charges (+/-). Exchange of electrons. E.g. NaCl
Weak; easily broken

Question 10

Covalent bonds

Answer 10

Atoms create more stable outer shells by sharing electrons. E.g. Oxygen (needs 2 electrons) and 2 Hydrogens (one electron needed to complete 1st shell).

Question 11

Hydrogen bond

Answer 11

Loose connection that molecules of water make amongst themselves to form a liquid.

Question 12

Polar molecule

Answer 12

Molecule has a charge imbalance (positive atom attracts negative atom) giving middle of molecule negative charge

Question 13

Hydrophilic substances

Answer 13

Substances that have a charge are attracted to water’s polarity. I.e. They dissolve in water. Water acts as a solvent.

Question 14

Hydrophobic substances

Answer 14

Substances that don’t have a charge dislike water. E.g. Fat (covalently bonded molecule)

Question 15

Acid

Answer 15

A lone hydrogen in water.

Question 16

Base

Answer 16

The remaining hydroxide ion in water.

Question 17

Hydrochloric acid

Answer 17

A strong acid where hydrogen ions easily leave the molecule.

Question 18

Sodium hydroxide

Answer 18

A strong base where hydroxide ions easily leave the molecule.

Question 19

Carbon

Answer 19

Contained in biological molecules

Versatile atom that can bond with other atoms

Question 20

Hydroxyl group

Answer 20

OH- Oxygen + Hydrogen

Question 21

Aldehyde group

Answer 21

COH- Carbon + Oxygen + Hydrogen

Question 22

Carbon ring

Answer 22

Carbon atoms can join each other by forming rings.

Question 23

Carbohydrates

Answer 23

Carbon rings with oxygen inside combine with functional groups and hydrogen to form sugars.

Question 24

Oligosaccharide

Answer 24

2 monosaccharides, e.g. Glucose + fructose. | Water is a byproduct of this process

Question 25

Polysaccharide

Answer 25

A term describing long chains of Carbon rings. The sugars can be broken down and used as energy by the body E.g. Glycogen (most important)

Question 26

Lipids

Answer 26

Non-polar hydrocarbons | A fatty acid has a carboxyl group on the end, or COOH.

Question 27

Triglycerides

Answer 27

Common molecules that possess three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol head.

Question 28

Phospholipids

Answer 28

Molecules that possess only two fatty acid tails attached to a combined glycerol/phosphate head. Make up a cell's membrane.

Question 29

Sterols

Answer 29

Joined rings of Carbon with no fatty acid chains hanging off them. A typical sterol is a basic set of 4 combined rings, with various functional groups attached.

Question 30

Protein

Answer 30

Large molecules built up from many smaller molecules called amino acids. Proteins can coil - the positive hydrogens of amino acid molecules attracted to negative atoms such as oxygen.

Question 31

Amino acids

Answer 31

Small molecules Twenty different varieties with an identical basic structure but with a different functional group. Each amino acid is unique. E.g. Methionine

Question 32

Peptide

Answer 32

A small protein with up to hundreds of amino acids joined together.

Question 33

Secondary structures

Answer 33

When protein form sheets or coils.

Question 34

Tertiary structures

Answer 34

When the sheets/coils of protein collapse onto themselves.

Question 35

Quaternary structures

Answer 35

When completely separate, independent polypeptides join through hydrogen bonds.

Question 36

Nucleotides

Answer 36

A special molecule consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group and a single or double Carbon ring with nitrogen in it. Form the basis of DNA - twisted strands of nucleotides bond together