3

Question 0

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 0

Any neural tissue outside the brain and spinal cord.

Question 1

Central nervous system

Answer 1

Nerves and supporting cells that reside within the brain and spinal cord.

Question 2

Efferent axons

Answer 2

Travel away from CNS

They effect an action in the body.

Question 3

Afferent axons

Answer 3

Travel from the body towards the CNS.

Question 4

Somatic nervous system

Answer 4

Voluntary part of the PNS
Relays information that humans are self-aware of.
The signals for such voluntary activity originate in higher CNS brain regions (known as the cortex).

Question 5

Somatic motor neurons

Answer 5

Nerve cells inside the spinal cord

Axon > nerve cell > efferent axon > skeletal muscle (muscle contraction)

Question 6

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 6

Automatic part of the PNS
Relays information that humans are not self-aware of.
Signals for this involuntary activity are generated lower in the brain.

Question 7

Visceral motor neurons

Answer 7

In the spinal cord

Axon > nerve cell > efferent axon > contracts non-skeletal muscle (muscle that is not attached to bones)

Question 8

Ganglionic neuron

Answer 8

Inside PNS

Relays information from the visceral motor neuron to the target cell.

Question 9

Receptor cell

Answer 9

Skin, muscle joint, organ
Axons of these cells synapse on sensory neurons in peripheral ganglia (neural clusters).
The axons of these ganglionic neurons (dorsal root ganglia) then pass into the spinal cord and travel to the brain.

Question 10

Touch receptor

Answer 10

Touch information travels via an axon to a dorsal root ganglion in PNS. The signal travels to assorted brain regions to recognise the information.

Question 11

Spinal cord

Answer 11

Dorsal - front
Ventral - back
Have white matter (axons and supporting cells)
Have grey matter (nerve cell bodies)
Somatic and autonomic nerves travel out of spinal cord through ventral route. They travel into spinal cord through dorsal route.

Question 12

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 12

The part of the ANS that prepares the body for increased levels of somatic activity in the near future.
Changes through body activity through a neurotransmitter called noradrenaline.

Question 13

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 13

The part of the ANS that regulates visceral activity (I.e. Digestion of food) - roughly the opposite in function to the sympathetic nervous system.
Body activity through release of a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine from postganglionic fibres.

Question 14

Noradrenaline

Answer 14

Increased alertness, energy, euphoria
Increased cardiovascular, respiratory activity
Lowered digestive activity

Question 15

Acetylcholine

Answer 15

Increased digestive activity
Decreased cardiovascular, respiratory activity
Defecation, urination, sexual activity

Question 16

Hindbrain

Answer 16

Part of CNS

Medulla oblongata consists of nuclei (bundles of neurons) regulating autonomic function

Question 17

Brain stem

Answer 17

Relays sensory information from the lower body to a higher region of the brain called the thalamus in the forebrain.

Contains pons and cerebellum

Question 18

Midbrain

Answer 18

Rests above brain stem

Made up of reticular activating system (sends projections throughout brain to keep it aroused)

Question 19

Superior and Inferior Colliculi

Answer 19

Inside midbrain

Receive visual and auditory information from higher brain sensory centres and initiate reflex movements.

Question 20

Substantia nigra

Answer 20

Inside midbrain

A neural system that inhibits the activity of motor centres in the forebrain that initiate movement

Dysfunction of the substantia nigra can result in Parkinson’s disease symptoms

Question 21

Forebrain

Answer 21

Contains basal nuclei (a cluster of neurons with a role in motor function)
Contains thalamus (relays sensory information from the senses to the cortex; relays information between cortical and subcortical motor areas)

Question 22

Basal nuclei

Answer 22

Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus
Claustrum

Question 23

Thalamus

Answer 23

Limbic system
Frontal lobes
Cerebral cortex
Auditory
Visual 
General sensory input 
Cerebellum 
Basal nuclei

Question 24

Hypothalamus

Answer 24

Region that detects and controls body change, e.g. Thirst and hunger.

Question 25

Thermoregulation

Answer 25

Thermoregulatory centre which detects and controls body temperature. This is important as the rest of the cells in the body need a narrow range of temperatures in which to function.

Question 26

Preoptic area

Answer 26

Inside rostral hypothalamus Detects temperature changes in the body monitoring blood temperature Signals from preoptic area travel down to the vasomotor centre of the medulla oblongata.

Question 27

Vasomotor centre of the medulla oblongata

Answer 27

Controls muscles surrounding blood vessels which can dilate if body temperature is too high.

Question 28

Fluid balance

Answer 28

Thirst centre is in the preoptic area and adjacent anterior hypothalamus The level of dissolved things in the blood is monitored by the thirst centre Thirst messages are turned off once rehydration has occurred and oral stimulation and stomach filling are detected

Question 29

Nutrient balance

Answer 29

The hunger centre is located in the vent remedial hypothalamus

Question 30

Blood pressure

Answer 30

Changes in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors (special cells) If blood pressure is too low the hypothalamus can directly increase heart rate which acts to increase blood pressure

Question 31

Limbic system

Answer 31

Means border | Role in motivation and emotion

Question 32

Cerebral cortex

Answer 32

Made up of left and right hemispheres and connected by commisures (allow communication/connection between spheres) One sphere is better than the other at particular tasks Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

Question 33

Corpus callosum

Answer 33

Main neural connection | The smaller anterior commisure is at the front of the brain.

Question 34

Motor areas

Answer 34

Control voluntary motor functions Primary motor cortex - contain pyramidal cells (control voluntary movement by supervising activity of somatic motor neurons in brain stem and spinal cord)

Question 35

Sensory areas

Answer 35

Associated with conscious awareness of sensation Signals from outside world relayed through the thalamus The primary somatosensory cortex receives somatic sensory information

Question 36

Sensory homunculus

Answer 36

Each body region is represented by corresponding cortical neurons topographically mapped

Question 37

Primary visual cortex

Answer 37

In occipital lobe | Performs basic mapping of retinal information

Question 38

Primary olfactory and gustatory cortices

Answer 38

Receive information about smell and taste

Question 39

Primary auditory cortex

Answer 39

In temporal lobe | Receives auditory information

Question 40

Association areas

Answer 40

Give orders to the primary motor cortex and perform higher processing of information received from the primary sensory cortices. E.g. Somatosensory association area, visual and auditory association areas, prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor cortex