1-4 lecture biochemistry

Question 1

polymerization

Answer 1

formation of large molecules(polymers) from smaller ones (monomers)

Question 2

monomers to Macromolecules (Polymers)
pairings

Answer 2

1) sugars to polysaccharides
2) glycerol and fatty acids to lipids (triglycerides)
3) amino acids to proteins
4) sugar and nucleotides bases to nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

Question 3

Dehydration reaction and its purpose

Answer 3

dehydration removes a water molecule which forms a new bond

Question 4

Hydrolysis rxn nd it’s purpose

Answer 4

hydrolysis adds a water molecule which breaks a bond

Question 5

7 types of cellular functions

Answer 5

1) fuels
2) energy stores
3) structural molecules
4) facilitation of chemical rxns
5) cellular (and this organismal) movement
6) storage, transmission and interpretation of genetic info
7) chemical signals

Question 6

Carbohydrate’s cellular functions

Answer 6

1) fuels: break down simple carbs for energy to be used on other processes. ex: glucose

2) energy stores: energy stored in form of complex carbs (polysaccharides) that break down when required for sugars. ex: glycogen (animals)

3) structure: ex: cellulose used in plants for the cell wall

Question 7

Lipids cellular functions

Answer 7

(hydrophobic b/c nonpolar)

1) fuels: releases 2x as much energy than a equivalent mass of carbs but is slower to metabolize

2) energy stores: animals store energy lipids in special cells called adipocytes

3) structural: 2 types of lipids which are phospholipids and steroids are important to cell membrane

Question 8

polypeptides

Answer 8

amino acids strung together by peptide bonds

Question 9

amino acid structure

Answer 9

NH2-CRH-COOH
amino group = NH2
carboxyl group =COOH
any functional group= R
alpha carbon?

Question 10

5 types of protein bonds

Answer 10

1) ionic bonds: b/w amino acids w/ + and - charged side chains
2) Hydrogen bonds: H w/ F,O,N or b/w groups with polar side chains
3) hydrophobicity: of the side chains of some non-polar amino acid means that they tend to align themselves away from the water in a solution
4) weak van der Wall’s forces: b/w closely positioned groups
5) Covalent disulfide bonds: between cysteines, which is an amino acid with a thiol (-SH) side chain

Question 11

protein structure

Answer 11

Primary: string of amino acids from DNA

Secondary: Beta pleated sheets and Alpha helix

Tertiary: rxn b/w side chains, ex: ionic/disulfide bridge/van der wal

Quaternary: interaction b/w 2 or more polypeptide chains

Question 12

nucleic acids

Answer 12

nucleic acids are nucleotides linked by phosphate group and pentose sugar

2 types
- ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 13

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Answer 13

• ribose is the pentose sugar adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil are the nucleotides
• single stranded
• found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell

Question 14

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 14

• deoxyribose is the pentose sugar adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine are the nucleotides
• double stranded
• found in nucleus and mitochondria of cell

Question 15

differences b/w RNA and DNA

Answer 15

RNA:
- uracil
- single strand
- in cytoplasm of cell

DNA:
- thymine
- double strand
- in mitochondria

Question 16

pyrimidines v purines

Answer 16

pyrimidines
- cytosine
- thymine
- uracil

purines
- adenine
- guanine

Question 17

DNA to RNA to Protein

Answer 17

in notes last pages