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BABS1201 > 1-5 > Flashcards

1-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

List the major elements of life

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Phosphorous
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2
Q

Water

A
  • Water is comprised of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen
  • The oxygen is more electronegative than the hydrogen
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3
Q

P1: Adhesion

A
  • The attraction of water molecules to polar surfaces (glass)
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4
Q

P2: Cohesion

A
  • The attraction of water molecules to other water molecules
  • Create movement in xylem
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5
Q

P3: Surface/Water Tension

A
  • At the surface of water, the molecules form more hydrogen bonds adjacent and below them
  • The surface can support light mass
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6
Q

P4: Excellent Solvent

A
  • Water dissolves substances better than any other liquid
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7
Q

P5: Different States

A
  • When water freezes, it expands and floats
  • When it freezes it forms 4 hydrogen bonds with molecules around it
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8
Q

P6: Water is amphoteric

A
  • Water can act as an acid or base as it can be ionised
  • pH of water is at 7
  • Acidic pH <7
  • Basic pH >7
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9
Q

Processes that disrupt pH in body

A
  • Lactic acid build up in skeletal muscle
  • Untreated diabetes
  • When there is insufficient glucose, the body uses ketone bodies which changes pH
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10
Q

Water Acidification

A
  • Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves in the ocean to form carbonic acid
  • Carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
  • Hydrogen ions interact with carbonate ions to produce more bicarbonate ions
  • NOT ENOUGH CARBONATE IONS FOR MARINE ORGANISMS to build shells and reefs
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11
Q

Domains of Life

A

Bacteria (Prokaryote)
Archaea (Prokaryote)
Eukaryotes

  • Plant
  • Fungi
  • Animal
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12
Q

Unicellular and Multicellular

A
  • Prokaryotes are only unicellular
  • Eukaryotes are both multicellular and unicellular
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13
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Range of sizes and shapes
  • Mostly have a cell wall
  • Some have flagella, some can produce endospores
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14
Q

Archaea

A
  • Similar to eukaryotes in how they process DNA
  • Often associated with extreme environments
  • Unique composition of cell membrane
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15
Q

Cell

A
  • Smallest unit of organisation
  • Performs all activities essential for life
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16
Q

Characteristic of life

A
  • Reproduce
  • Grow and develop
  • Respond to environment
  • Metabolise to use and generate energy
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17
Q

Virus

A
  • Smaller than cells
  • They rely on host to reproduce and metabolise
  • Not living
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18
Q

Prions

A
  • Misfolded proteins that are infectious by misfolding other proteins
  • The misfold makes them not perform their normal function
  • Not living
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19
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • Membrane bound organelles
  • 10-100µm in diameter
  • Multiple chromosomes inside the nucleus
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20
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • 0.1-5µm in diameter
  • Single chromosome in nucleoid
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21
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  • Selectively permeable barrier that surrounds cytosol
  • Made up of phospholipids that control what goes in and out of cell
  • Both E and P
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22
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Everything inside of cell
  • Both E and P
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23
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Made of ribosomal RNA and protein
  • Both E and P
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24
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Contain chlorophyll (green pigment)
  • They have two membranes (outer and inner)
  • Grana are stacked thylakoid membrane which reside in the stroma
  • Stroma contain DNA and ribosomes
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25
Endosymbiosis
- Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells through a symbiotic relationship, where one cell engulfed another
26
Scientific Journals
- Contain many scientific articles - Cover a broad area of science or a niche area - E.G. Nature, Microbiology of Australia (Names)
27
Primary Articles
- Introduction, method, results and discussion - First author performed majority of experiment and wrote paper - Last author is the supervisor and obtain funding - Figures and tables must have title and legend
28
Science Magazines
- Not primary articles and not peer-reviewed - Not written for scientists
29
Secondary Articles
- Summarise existing research from multiple primary articles - Still has introduction - Still are written for other scientists
30
Peer Review
- After a scientist has written a manuscript, they submit to journal - If an editor from journal approves, it is sent to be peer reviewed - Reviewers are other researchers in the same field of scientist - Reviewers are blind and sometimes double blind
31
Peer Reviewer vs Editor
- Food Critic vs Head Chef - Provides feedback on what works/doesn't work vs Decides if it should be published in journal
32
Prokaryotes
- DNA is free floating in nucleoid - Ribosomes are essential for building protein - Most have cell wall
33
Eukaryotes
- Compartmentalised
34
DNA in Eukaryotes
- Chromosomal DNA is packaged with proteins in nucleus called chromatin (DNA and protein together is called chromatin) - A nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus - A nucleoli is where rRNA is synthesised for formation of ribosomes
35
Peroxisomes
- Found in eukaryotes - Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms to molecular oxygen - This is a toxic byproduct so that’s why the peroxisome is separated from the rest of the cell
36
Endomembrane System
- Regulates protein traffic - Perms metabolic functions
37
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER - Produce lipids, drug detoxification, calcium storage - Lacks ribosomes Rough ER - Secret proteins via vesicles - Has ribosomes attached
38
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM: Golgi Apparatus
- Receives proteins from ER and modifies them - Vesicles leave to new sites
39
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM: Lysosomes
- Contains digestive enzymes and remove junk from cell
40
Cytoskeleton
- Network of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments
41
Microtubulues
- Hollow tubes that provides cell shape - Provides movement (E.G. Chromosome movements) - Comprised of two types of globular proteins (alpha tubulin and beta tubulin)
42
Microfilaments
- Two intertwined of globular proteins - Provide cell shape and "pulling forces" - Muscular contraction
43
Intermediate Filaments
- Present only in some animals, including vertebrates - E.G. Keratin filaments are present in dead cells
44
Macromolecule
- Chain-like molecules (polymers) - Polymers consist of monomers linked together by covalent bonds 1. Carbohydrates - Monsacharides 2. Lipid - Fatty acids 3. Protein - Amino Acids 4. Nucleic Acid - Nucleotides
45
Dehydration
- Removing a water molecule from polymer to form a new bond - Catalysed by enzymes
46
Hydrolysis
- Water molecule added to polymer to break a bond - Catalysed by enzymes
47
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides - Single molecule sugars (E.G. Glucose) - Docs Disaccharides - Two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bond (E.G. Maltose) Polysaccharides - Many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bond (E.G. Starch)
48
Storage Polysaccharides (Plant + Animal)
Starch is stored by plants - Accessed via hydrolysis Glycogen is stored by animals - Stored in liver: When we sleep our body needs maintain glucose levels - Stored in muscle: Energy use for aerobic exercise
49
Structural Polysaccharides
- Cellulose: Major component of plant cell walls - Chitin: Found in exoskeletons
50
Functions of Lipids
- Energy storage - Chemical Messengers - Photoreceptors - Coverings - SACKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK BABS 1201
51
Saturated Fatty Acids
- Greatest number of hydrogens possibly connected - No double bonds - Solid at room temperature
51
Triacylglycerols
- Formed by a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids attached by an ester bond - Dehydration
52
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- One or more double bonds - Liquid at room temperature
53
Structure of Phospholipid
- Hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails - Similar in structure to triacylglycerols except a phosphate and a polar group replaces one of the three fatty acids
54
Steroids
- Carbon skeleton contains 4 fused rings - E.G. Cholesterol
55
Proteins
- Polypeptide of amino acids - Peptide bonds connect amino acids - Peptide bonds are formed by a dehydration reaction between carboxyl group of two amino acids
56
Structure of Amino Acid
- Alpha carbon in centre - Amino group - Carboxyl group - Hydrogen atom - Variable side chain - Docs
57
Primary Structure
- Polypeptide Chain
58
Secondary Structure
- Stabilised by hydrogen bonds - Alpha Helix and Beta Sheeets
59
Parallel Beta Sheets
- Polypeptide chains both go from N terminal to C terminal - Polypeptide chain need to be connected by a loop
60
Antiparallel Beta Sheets
- One polypeptide chain goes from N terminal to C terminal and other from C terminal to N terminal - Polypeptide chain need to be connected by a turn
61
Tertiary Structure
Weak interactions contribute to tertiary structure - Hydrophobic interactions - Hydrogen bonds - Ionic bonds
62
Globular Form
- Compact and fold back on themselves - Hydrophobic core and hydrophillic surface - Both alpha helices and beta sheets - E.G. Haemoglobin
63
Fibrous Form
- Rod-like - Insoluble in water - Alpha helices - E.G. Collagen (ligaments), keratin (hair)
64
Quaternary Structure
- Sometimes - More than one polypeptide chain - Assemble into multi-subunit structures
65
Function of Lipids
- Long-term energy storage: Fats store more energy per gram than carbs. - Structural components: Phospholipids form cell membranes. - Insulation and protection: Fats insulate and cushion organs.
66

BABS1201 (4 decks)

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