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Question 1

What are the 4 properties of genetic information? –

Answer 1

Diversity of structure
Ability to replicate
Mutability
Translation

Question 2

What is THE CENTRAL DOGMA of molecular biology?

Answer 2

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

Question 3

Transcription -

Answer 3

The first step in making a protein is to use the information contained in DNA to make a messenger RNA molecule or mRNA

Question 4

Translation -

Answer 4

The production of a chain of amino acids is based on the sequence of nucleotide in the mRNA. The 4 nucleotides generate a sequence of amino acids made from 20 unique amino acids.

Question 5

Protein -

Answer 5

The molecule that results from the information contained in a gene located on a strand of DNA
- A _______ is a folded , sometimes cleaved and ultimately modified polypeptide.

Question 6

____ _______ occurs at both the attachment of RNA polymerase to the beginning of a gene (promoter) and the initiation of its movement along the gene

Answer 6

Gene regulation

Question 7

developmental noise -

Answer 7

random events during development that lead to variation in phenotype

Question 8

Single gene inheritance is also referred to as _ _____ _____ as they follow transmission patterns he observed in his research on peas

Answer 8

Mendelian inheritance

Question 9

Single-gene inheritance patterns

Answer 9

genetic conditions caused by a mutation in a single gene follow predictable patterns of inheritance within families

Question 10

Chromosomal number

Answer 10

Diploid and Haploid cells

Question 11

Nucleosome

Answer 11

The wrapping of DNA around molecular spools (accessory proteins)

Question 12

Centromere

Answer 12

A part of the chromosome often visible as a construction that plays a role in the process of pulling chromosomes apart during cell division

Question 13

Two types of chromatin

Answer 13

Heterochromatin - Very dense chromatin, gene not very active

Euchromatin - Less dense chromatin, genes active

Question 14

Nucleolus

Answer 14

A spherical body within the nucleus that contains rRNA and is visibly attached to the nucleolar organizer

Question 15

Introns

Answer 15

Within a gene, the noncoding DNA sequence found between the coding region (exons) of a given gene

Question 16

What is the function of Meiosis

Answer 16

1. To reduce the chromosome number of diploid to haploid
2. To ensure that each haploid product has a complete set of chromosomes
3. To promote genetic diversity

Question 17

Yeast ( a fingus)-

Answer 17

Are single celled organisms haploid (1n) used to study simple eukaryotic properties such as those in biochemistry. To reproduce sexually, two cells of opposite mating types fuse to form diploid cell 2n.

Question 18

Polymorphism

Answer 18

The coexistence of two or more common phenotypes of a character

Question 19

Haplosufficient

Answer 19

The observation of recessiveness in mutant genes

Question 20

Haploinsufficient

Answer 20

When the null mutant allele is dominant because of a heterozygous condition

Question 21

Kinetochore

Answer 21

A multi protein complex that binds to the centromere and acts as the site for attachment to spindle fiber microtubules

Question 22

Forward Genetic steps

Answer 22

1. Choose a biological property
2. Find mutants
3. Check for single-gene inheritance
4. Identify time and place of gene action
5. Zero in on molecular nature of the gene

Question 23

Testcross

Answer 23

The crossing go a heterozygous parent with a recessive parent

Question 24

Autosome

Answer 24

the regular or nonsex-linked chromosomes

Question 25

Sex chromosomes

Answer 25

Those chromosomes which determine the sex of an organism

Question 26

Pseudoautosomal regions 1 and 2

Answer 26

two short homologous regions at each end of the X and Y chromosomes two short homologous regions at each end of the X and Y chromosomes

Question 27

X linkage

Answer 27

Mutant alleles in the deferential region of the X chromosome

Question 28

Pedigree analysis

Answer 28

A scrutiny of records of matings

Question 29

Autosomal recessive disorders

Answer 29

the affected phenotype of an autosomal recessive disorder is inherited as a recessive allele

Question 30

Autosomal dominant

Answer 30

prevalence of a dominant mutation even if the carrier parent is heterozygous for mutation

Question 31

X-linked Recessive

Answer 31

rare recessive alleles of genes located on the x chromosome 1. Many more males than females show the phenotype 2. None of the offspring of an affected male show the phenotype, nut all of his daughters are carriers 3. Non of the sons of an affected male show the phenotype, nor they pass it on

Question 32

Y-linked Dominant

Answer 32

1. Affected males pass the conditions to all of their daughters but to none of their sons 2. Affected heterozygous females married to unaffected males pass the conditions to half of their sons and daughters

Question 33

Chargaff rule

Answer 33

1. The base composition varies between species | 2. A always pairs with T and G always pairs with C

Question 34

Major groove

Answer 34

The larger space in the spiral along the length of the double helix

Question 35

Minor groove

Answer 35

The smaller space in the spiral along the length of the double helix

Question 36

3 possible ways for DNA to replicate

Answer 36

1. Semiconservative replication 2. Conservative replication 3. Dispersive replication