1 Flashcards
(29 cards)
Circulatory system functions
Transport of material via blood
- Respiration
Lungs —o2—>tissues
Tissues —co2 -> lungs - Nutrition
GI Tract —-> tissues - Excretion
Tissues —waste—> kidneys - Regulation
a. pH
b. temp.- dermal vasoconstriction/vasodilation
- distribution of heat around the body
c. fluid volume balance
d. hormones
- Protection
a. infection - white blood cells
b. hemostasis
Red and blue
Red = high o2, low co2
Blue = low o2, high co2
Closed circulatory system
A system in which the blood is always confined within blood vessels and the blood + tissues never mix
Basic circulatory outlay (systemic circulation) * pic in notes
- use pic
Lymph nodes
All lymph must pass through lymph nodes before being dumped into venous blood
Lymph node - like a “filter”
- composed of reticular CT on which defensive body cells are hung
Defensive body cells:
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Both: look for bad stuff in the lymph
(lymph- stuff that comes from the
tissues)
Body defenses
1st line:
innate defenses
-> deny entrance and limit spread of microorganisms
Physical barriers:
a. skin
- most microbes can’t pass unbroken
skin
b. mucus membranes
- basement membranes - hard to pass
through
c. mucociliary Action
- in respiratory tract
Chemical barriers:
- stomach acid -> kills microbes
- sweat
- tears
- sebum
All: contain bacteria killing proteins
(defensins)
* skin pH is acidic - “acid mantle”
Biological barriers:
non specific white blood cells
- neutrophils
-> 1st responders, 1st on scene when an
infection takes hold
- macrophages
-> (monocytes), stand guard in tissues-
eat bad stuff
(Non specific lymphocyte):
Natural killer cells
-> cause lysis of abnormal body cells
Non specific defenses continued
Circulating chemicals
- Complement system (proteins)
- assists in antibody attack of non self cells
- attract white blood cells
- increase local inflammation - Interferons
- inhibit viral replication
- attract white blood cells
Inflammation
Body’s response to tissue damage
Symptoms:
- red
- raised (swollen -> edema)
- elevated temp
- pain
Inflammation process
Damaged tissue cells
— release —>
- proteins
- prostaglandins
- other stuff
All: activate local *mast cells*
Mast cells:
- central players in inflammation
- secrete:
- heparin
- prostaglandins
- other stuff
- histamine
- serotonin
All: inflammation
An inflammation reaction
* pic in notes
Mast cells -> pivotal in inflammation
Damaged tissue
- attracts phagocytes (especially neutrophils)Neutrophils secrete compounds:
- attract more phagocytes
- stimulate CT repair
- eat bad stuff
- compliment proteins leak into damaged tissue from blood
- clotting factors: clot
- > encapsulates the area
- called “walling off”
Immune system
Prevent infection
Normal life time ->
exposed to 10,000 - 20,000 immunogens
Immunogen -> something that can stimulate the immune system
Includes:
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- uni/multicellular parasites
^^^ - pathogens - can cause disease
- allergens
- produce a superfluous response
(unnecessary)
- immune response causes symptoms
Immunogens —> produces antigens
Antigens
-> biomolecules (usually proteins like glycoproteins) that can simulate an immune response because they are detected by the immune system as being “non self” - foreign
Immunity
Specific / past exposure to specific antigen
Based directly on the activity of lymphocytes
Types of immunity (humoral)
Humoral immunity
-> based upon the activity of B Lymphocytes (B cells)
Foreign antigen
-detected by->
B cell
-proliferates->
Many B cells (plasma cells)
-secrete->
Antibodies (soluble protein molecules)
-attack->
Antigen
Types of immunity (cell mediated activity)
Cell Mediate Activity
-> T cells
Your own abnormal body cells
- faulty surface markers
-detected by->
T cell
-proliferate into->
Helper T cells
-> coordinate immune attack
&
Killer T cells
-> directly attack and destroy your
abnormal body cells
Humoral immune response
clonal selection
Background:
- you have millions of different strains of B cells in your body
- > these strains differ in the shape of their
- surface protein receptors*
ex. Specific B cell will have a receptor that fits specific antigen
- surface protein receptors*
- > these strains differ in the shape of their
Process:
- Receptor binds with the antigen and stimulates rapid mitosis
-> produces millions of “clones” of that
strain
-> most of those clones differentiate into
plasma cells
-> some form memory cells which hang out
and wait for reinfection - Plasma cells have rough endoplasmic reticulum and secrete antibodies
-> antibodies have antibody active sites that
match the same sharp as the original
B cell receptor and therefore can stick to
foreign antigen
- see graph in notes comparing response with memory cells and primary response
Cell mediated immunity - T cells
a. Killer T cell response
Killer T cells (Tk) = CD8 cells (cytotoxic T cells)
Background (Tk):
- all your body cells have glycoprotein surface markers called MHC 1 Markers
MHC 1 Markers
-> identify the cell as “self”
————//————
A.) Killer T response:
- Cell infected by virus
- Golgi from virus infected cell produces MCHI/Antigen (“secret flag”)
- Tk strain fits receptor or infected cell, then undergoes clonal selection
-> produce millions of that variety of killer
T cell clones that are active
-> a few become memory cells
B.) Helper T response
- require the participation of macrophages/monocytes
Background:
- macrophages/monocytes have glycoprotein surface markers called MHC 2 Markers
MHC 2 Markers:
- found only on macrophages, monocytes, and lymphocytes
Process:
- Macrophage engulfs antigen, becomes “antigen presenting cell”
- Within macrophage, antigen is chopped into pieces -> “antigen processing”
-> fragments are sent into Golgi which
produces MCH 2 Marker on macrophage - Macrophage detected by T helper strain, fits on to macrophage receptor -> “antigen presentation”, and then undergoes clonal selection
- > most become T helper clones
- > a few become memory cells
Effect of T helper cells
When T helpers come in contact with antigen, they secrete compounds that co-stimulate B cells -> required for antibody production
Secrete compounds that activists Tk cells, in other worlds required for Tk activity
Secrete compounds that inhibit viral replication
Secrete compounds that attract phagocytes, compounds that attract + activate natural killer cells
HIV/AIDS *graph in notes
Kills of T helper cells
When T helper Coyne drops, can’t activate B cells (antibody production) because they are required for it
- about 75% in male homosexuals
- most of the rest -> IV drugs
- minorities
- females
Blood
Connective tissue
- > cells
- > non living matrix - plasma
Cells: formed elements
- erythrocytes (RBC’s)
- leukocytes (WBC’s)
- thrombocytes (platelets)
Hematological Analysis
Centrifuge blood
(dense material on bottom)
Plasma -> 53-59%
Buffy coat -> WBC’s and platelets (<1%)
Packed RBC’s
-> hematocrit
- percentage of whole blood occupied by
erythrocytes (not a count -> percentage*)
Hematocrit:
- males -> average 47%
- females -> average 41%
Red blood cell lifespan
Birth -> Erythropoiesis
Process:
Hemocytoblast
- stimulated by erythropoietin to form->
(erythropoietin secreted by kidneys)
Proerythroblasts
—divide by mitosis into->
Normoblasts
-> synthesize hemoglobin
—-ejects nucleas (cell collapses)—>
Biconcave disc
—> reticulocyte
After two days ..
Reticulocyte —> erythrocyte
Red blood cell structure
Biconcave disc
A lot of hemoglobin
Primary function of erythrocytes
- carry oxygen around the body (because they contain hemoglobin)
- carry co2 around the body
