Neurology Week 1 2018/19 > 1: Anatomy - CNS Overview > Flashcards

1: Anatomy - CNS Overview Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Remember there’s the Enteric nervous system as well

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2
Q

Which organs make up the CNS?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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3
Q

Which nerves make up the PNS?

A

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves and all their branches

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4
Q

What is the embryological origin of the brain?

A

Neural tube

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5
Q

Imagine you’re looking at the inferior surface of the brain. What are the three embryological vesicles it originates from, anterior to posterior?

A

Prosencephalon (most anterior)

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon (most inferior)

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6
Q

What three structures, from superior to inferior, make up the brainstem?

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla oblongata

think MPM (and midbrain must be at the top)

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7
Q

Which CNS cells receive, process and send information?

A

Neurons

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8
Q

What are the

a) projections
b) bodies

of neurons called?

A

a) Dendrites and axons

b) Soma

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9
Q

What is the difference between a dendrite and an axon?

A

Dendrites receive impulses

Axons send impulses

Neurons usually have many dendrites but only one axon

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10
Q

What word is used to describe a neuron with many dendrites?

A

Multipolar

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11
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Support cells

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12
Q

Which type of glial cell supports other brain cells and maintains homeostasis?

What important structure do they maintain?

A

Astrocytes

Blood-brain barrier

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13
Q

Astrocytes support the endothelium of brain capillaries to maintain which structure?

A

Blood brain barrier

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14
Q

Which substance insulates axons to increase conduction velocity?

A

Myelin

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15
Q

Which glial cells produce myelin?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

Which glial cells are part of the immune system?

A

Microglia

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17
Q

Which immune cells do microglia closely resemble?

A

Macrophages

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18
Q

Which glial cells line the ventricles of the brain and closely resemble epithelial cells?

A

Ependymal cells

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19
Q

What is the function of

a) oligodendrocytes
b) astrocytes
c) ependymal cells
d) microglia?

A

a) Lay down myelin sheathes

b) Homeostasis, blood brain barrier

c) Line CSF-filled ventricles

d) Immune surveillance

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20
Q

What are the two types of matter found in the brain?

A

Grey matter

White matter

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21
Q

What are the names are given to the

a) bumps
b) grooves
c) really deep grooves

of the brain?

A

a) Gyrus (gyri)

b) Sulcus (sulci)

c) Fissure

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22
Q

In which matter are

a) the bodies of neurons and glial cells
b) axons

found?

A

a) Grey matter

b) White matter

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23
Q

Grey and white matter is also found in the spinal cord.

What shapes is white matter arranged into?

A

Anterior, posterior and lateral columns

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24
Q

Grey matter is generally found on the ___ of the brain and the ___ of the spinal cord.

A

outside of the brain

inside of the spinal cord

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25
Is white matter found on the **inside** or the **outside** of the brain?
**Inside** imagine the projections running from the inner brain to the spinal cord; remember the internal capsule (a central structure) is where white matter travels
26
In the spinal cord, what is grey matter arranged into?
**Anterior and posterior horns**
27
Where in the spinal cord is **grey matter** found?
**Inside** In an H shape
28
Which neurons are found in the **anterior horn** of the spinal cord?
**Motor neurons** **Autonomic neurons**
29
Which neurons are found in the **posterior horn** of the spinal cord?
**Sensory neuron**
30
The **central sulcus** runs along the middle of the brain on the **coronal plane.** Which two areas are found **anterior** and **posterior** to this sulcus? What are their other names?
**Pre-central gyrus** OR **Motor strip** OR **Primary somatomotor area** **Post-central gyrus** OR **Sensory strip** OR **Primary somatosensory area**
31
Which **fissure** divides the **frontal and parietal lobes** from the **temporal lobe** below?
**Lateral fissure** / **Sylvian fissure**
32
If you were to take a coronal view of the brain and draw a line down the midline, which **fissure** would the line run through?
**Longitudinal fissure / Interhemispheric fissure**
33
What is the **bridge of white matter** which **crosses the midline** of the brain **on an axial plane**?
**Corpus callosum** Superior to the lateral ventricles
34
Which **tract of white matter** connects the brainstem and spinal cord to the cerebral cortex?
**Internal capsule**
35
Which **fissures** / **sulci** are found a) **along the midline, on the sagittal plane** b) **along the midline, on the coronal plane** c) **above the corpus callosum, seen only from a sagittal view** d) **in the occipital lobe, seen only from a sagittal view** e) **separating the parietal and occipital lobes?**
a) Longitudinal fissure b) Central sulcus c) Cingulate sulcus d) Calcarine sulcus e) Parieto-occipital sulcus
36
What is the name given to a **space within the brain which contains CSF**?
**Ventricle**
37
How many lobes does each brain hemisphere have?
**5** 4 named for the bones and the insular lobe (found deep to other lobes)
38
What are the three layers of the meninges (from superficial to deep)?
**Dura mater** **Arachnoid mater** **Pia mater**
39
What is found deep to the arachnoid mater, before the pia mater?
**Subarachnoid space**
40
What is found in the subarachnoid space?
**CSF**
41
What feature of the arachnoid mater allows CSF to drain to the dural sinuses?
**Arachnoid granulations**
42
How thick is the pia mater?
**Very very thin**
43
What holes connect the a) subarachnoid space and lateral ventricles b) lateral and 3rd ventricles c) 3rd and 4th ventricles?
a) Subarachnoid granulations b) Interventricular foramen (of Monro) c) Cerebral aqueduct
44
Which space allows CSF to enter the brainstem and spinal cord?
**Central canal**
45
Which **arteries** give off a) the **anterior** and **middle cerebral arteries** b) the **posterior cerebral** and **basilar arteries**?
**a) Internal carotid arteries** **b) Vertebral arteries**
46
Which anastomosis of arteries supplies much of the brain?
**Circle of Willis**
47
Which hole in the base of the skull drains blood into the **internal jugular vein**?
**Jugular foramen**
48
List from anterior to posterior the following vesicles of the early brain: ## Footnote **mesencephalon, prosencephalon, rhombencephalon**
**Prosencephalon** **Mesencephalon** **Rhombencephalon**
49
Later in development, there are **five** vesicles forming the brain instead of three. What are they called, from anterior to posterior?
**Prosencephalon** splits into **TELENCEPHALON** **and DIENCEPHALON** **Mesencephalon** remains **Rhombencephalon** splits into **METENCEPHALON** and **MYELENCEPHALON**
50
List, from anterior to posterior, the **five** vesicles of the early brain.
**Telencephalon** **Diencephalon** **Mesencephalon** **Metencephalon** **Myelencephalon**
51
What does the **telencephalon** (most anterior brain vesicle) develop into?
**Right and left cerebral hemispheres** i.e the big bulky masses of the brain
52
What does the **diencephalon** develop into?
**Thalamus** and **Hypothalamus** di - so it develops into two things
53
What does the **mesencephalon** develop into?
**Midbrain** mes - think middle
54
What does the **metencephalon** develop into?
**Pons** **Cerebellum**
55
What does the **myelencephalon** (most posterior vesicle) develop into?
**Medulla oblongata**
56
Name the **vesicles** which give rise to the a) **cerebral hemispheres** b) **thalamus and hypothalamus** c) **midbrain** d) **pons and cerebellum** e) **medulla oblongata**
**a) Telencephalon** **b) Diencephalon** **c) Mesencephalon** **d) Metencephalon** **e) Myelencephalon**
57
Which brain structure is found **within the third ventricle** of the brain is described as "two potatoes touching one another"?
**Thalamus**
58
Which hole connects the **lateral ventricles** and the **third ventricle**?
**Interventricular foramen**
59
Which bit of tissue connects the two halves of the **thalamus** within the **third ventricle**?
**Interthalamic adhesion**
60
Which **gland** is connected to the posterior part of the third ventricle and produces **melatonin**?
**Pineal gland**
61
What are the **five** lobes of the brain?
On each side: **frontal lobe** **parietal lobe** **temporal lobe** **occipital lobe** **insular lobe** separated by the **longitudinal fissure**
62
Which **sulci** separate the a) **frontal lobe** and **parietal lobe** b) **parietal lobe** and **temporal lobe** c) **parietal lobe** and **occipital lobe**?
**a) Central sulcus** **b) Lateral fissue** **c) Parieto-occipital sulcus**
63
Which landmark separates the **occipital lobe** from the **cerebellum**?
**Preoccipital notch**
64
Where is the **insular lobe** found?
**Deep to the temporal lobe** You can't usually see it
65
Where is **CSF** produced?
**Choroid plexuses** in the ventricles
66
From which structures does blood from the brain drain into the **internal jugular vein**?
**Dural venous sinuses** so the cavernous sinuses and intercavernous sinuses

Neurology Week 1 2018/19 (10 decks)

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