1: Anatomy of the cell

Question 1

What is histology?

Answer 1

The study of the microscopic structure of tissues

Question 2

What is a cell?

Answer 2

Basic structural unit of all organisms

Question 3

What is the most common molecule found in cells?

Answer 3

Water

(on average, 80% of a cell is water)

Question 4

All eukaryotic cells have an outer ___.

Answer 4

membrane

Question 5

What is the inner cytosol of a cell?

Answer 5

Solution of proteins, carbohydrates and electrolytes

sol

Question 6

What structure, made up of filaments and microtubules, determines the shape of a cell?

Answer 6

Cytoskeleton

Question 7

What is another name for the cell membrane?

Answer 7

Plasmalemma

Question 8

The plasma membrane has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic elements - what name is given to this characteristic?

Answer 8

Amphipathic

Question 9

What amphipathic structure is found in the plasma membrane?

Answer 9

Phospholipid bilayer

Question 10

Name some examples of integral proteins found in the plasma membrane.

Answer 10

Channels

Transporters

Receptors

Enzymes

Question 11

What is exocytosis?

Answer 11

Movement of material out of the cell membrane via secretory vesicles

Question 12

What is endocytosis?

Answer 12

Movement of material into a cell via the cell membrane

Question 13

The phospholipids within the cell membrane move around millions of times per second - this renders the membrane ___.

Answer 13

fluid

Question 14

The cell membrane is selectively ___.

Answer 14

permeable

Question 15

What can passively diffuse through the cell membrane?

Answer 15

Water

Oxygen

a few others

Question 16

Without the action of transporters, what is the cell membrane impermeable to?

Answer 16

Charged ions (Na⁺, K⁺ etc.)

Question 17

Which two types of protein are found in the cell membrane?

Answer 17

Integral (embedded or transmembrane)

Peripheral (fixed to surface)

Question 18

Which lipid is found in the cell membrane?

Answer 18

Cholesterol

Question 19

The cytoplasm contains a lot of different structures. What are the two broad classes of these structures?

Answer 19

Organelles

or

Inclusions

Question 20

Organelles are (essential for life / dispensable).

Inclusions are (essential for life / dispensable).

Answer 20

Organelles - essential for life

Inclusions - dispensable

Question 21

What happens in the mitochondria?

Answer 21

Aerobic respiration (energy production)

Question 22

The cytoskeleton is made up of three main classes of filament. What are they called?

Answer 22

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

Question 23

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

Microfilaments

Arrange from narrowest to widest in diameter.

Answer 23

Microfilaments

Intermediate tubules

Microtubules

Question 24

Which protein, also found in muscle cells, makes up microfilaments in the cytoskeleton?

Answer 24

Actin

Question 25

Which protein and its subunits make up **microtubules**?

Answer 25

**Tubulins** (alpha and beta)

Question 26

During mitosis, which structure do **microtubules** originate from?

Answer 26

**Centrosome**

Question 27

**Kinesin** uses microtubules to move organelles and inclusions towards the cell's \_\_\_\_. (centre / periphery)

Answer 27

**periphery**

Question 28

**Dynein** uses microtubules to move organelles / inclusions towards the cell's \_\_\_. (centre / periphery)

Answer 28

**centre**

Question 29

Dynein and kinesin use energy gained from the hydrolysis of \_\_\_.

Answer 29

**ATP**

Question 30

What is contained within the **nucleus**?

Answer 30

**Chromosomes** **Nucleolus** (site of rRNA synthesis)

Question 31

What name is given to the **combined inner** and **outer nuclear membranes?**

Answer 31

**Nuclear envelope**

Question 32

What is found between the inner and outer nuclear membranes? What is this space continuous with?

Answer 32

**Perinuclear cistern** **Rough endoplasmic reticulum**

Question 33

Where are the **ribosomes** formed before they can be found attached to the RER?

Answer 33

**Nucleolus**

Question 34

Why is the **rough endoplasmic reticulum** rough?

Answer 34

**Studded with ribosomes**

Question 35

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 35

**Passes synthesised protein from the ribosomes to the Golgi apparatus** for packaging

Question 36

Cells with lots of RER tend to ___ protein.

Answer 36

**export**

Question 37

The **smooth endoplasmic reticulum** is involved in the synthesis of \_\_\_.

Answer 37

**lipids**

Question 38

What is the function of the **Golgi apparatus**?

Answer 38

**Modification** and **packaging** of proteins synthesised in the ER

Question 39

Name the organelles involved in the synthesis, modification and packaging of protein.

Answer 39

**Ribosomes** **RER** **SER** **Golgi apparatus**

Question 40

What is the main function of the **mitochondria**?

Answer 40

**Generation of ATP** | (From GI: lipid anabolism)

Question 41

What are the **folds** in the inner membrane of mitochondria?

Answer 41

**Cristae**

Question 42

Mitochondria have their own \_\_\_.

Answer 42

**DNA**

Question 43

If a cell has a lot of mitochondria, it must require a lot of energy. What does this suggest about the metabolic activity of the cell?

Answer 43

**Metabolically active**

Question 44

Lipid droplets, commonly found in adipose cells, are examples of (**organelles / inclusions**).

Answer 44

**inclusions**

Question 45

Which type of junction **prevents** **diffusion** between cells by closely binding them together?

Answer 45

**Tight junctions** / Occluding junctions / Zonula occludens

Question 46

Which type of junction involves the '**bolting together**' of cells by microfilaments?

Answer 46

**Adherent junctions** / Zonula adherens

Question 47

Name an example of an **adherent junction**.

Answer 47

Desmosomes

Question 48

Which type of junction permits **selective diffusion** of molecules between cells?

Answer 48

**Gap junctions** / Communicating junctions

Question 49

An example of a gap junction is that made by ___ proteins.

Answer 49

**connexon**