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1.4 Developmental Psychology > 1. Biological Base > Flashcards

1. Biological Base Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Hierarchy of size

A

nucleus - chromosomes - DNA - genes

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

Thread-like structures
Every cell has 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs
23 pairs - one half of the pair from each parent
Contain DNA

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3
Q

DNA

A

Complex molecule
Double helix shape
Chain of nucleotides
Contains genetic information

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4
Q

DNA bases

A

AT GC - have to be paired this way
Made of nitrogen

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5
Q

Nucleotides

A

phosphate + sugar + base = nucleotide

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6
Q

Genes

A
  • Short sections of DNA
  • Units of hereditary information
  • Help cells reproduce & assemble proteins (building blocks of cells)
  • Each have specific locations
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7
Q

Mitosis

A

The process by which the nucleus of the cell duplicates & divides to create two genetically identical daughter cells

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8
Q

Mitosis process

A
  1. Chromosomes duplicate (becoming the X)
  2. Move to opposite ends of the nucleus
  3. Nucleus divides
    see diagram
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9
Q

Meiosis

A

The process by which germ cells divide, creating two genetically unique gametes with half the chromosomes of the original cell (23 from 46)

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10
Q

Germ cell

A

Cells that produce gametes

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11
Q

Gametes

A

Sperm and ova cells

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12
Q

Meiosis Process

A
  1. 46 chromosomes are duplicated
  2. Crossing-over
  3. Duplicated chromosomes divided into 2 cells (each with 46 chromosomes)
  4. New cells divide again
    Result: 4 cells with 23 single/unpaired chromosomes
    Either sperm or ova
    see diagram
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13
Q

Crossing-over

A

Genetic material is exchanged between pairs of chromosomes
1. Duplicated chromosomes break at one of more points and swap pieces with adjacent pairs

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14
Q

Hereditary uniqueness/independent assortment

A

Children receive 23 unpaired chromosomes from each parent, combining to given them a unique combination of 46
- There are trillions of possible combinations & distributions
- Down to chance which unpaired chromosomes go into what cells
- Includes the newly merged chromosomes from crossing over

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15
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

One cell split into 2

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16
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Two cells released at the same time

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17
Q

Female sex chromosome

A

XX
Ova only have X chromosomes

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18
Q

Male sex chromosome

A

XY
Sperm have either X or Y chromosomes

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19
Q

First trimester

A

Zygote
Embryo
Fetus

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20
Q

Zygote - week 1

A

Singular celled zygote divides into a blastocyst

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21
Q

Zygote - week 2

A

Blastocyst implants into uterine wall

Structures begin to form:
- Amnion
- Chorion
- Yolk sac
- Placenta
- Umbilical cord
Nourish & protect the cell

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22
Q

Embryo - 3-4 weeks

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Heart

Rudimentary structures (to become)
- Eyes
- Ears
- Nose
- Mouth
- Limbs

1/4 inches

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23
Q

Embryo - 5-8 weeks

A

External structures form
- Eyes
- Ears
- Limbs

Organogenesis - internal organs form

Abilities
- Produces its own blood
- Can move

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24
Q

Fetus - 9-12 weeks

A

First trimester

Rapid growth & interconnection of organ systems lead to
- Body & limb movements
- Swallowing
- Urination
- Digestion
External genitalia form

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25
Fetus - 13-24 weeks
Second trimester - Rapid growth - Movements felt by mother - Heartbeat can be heard - Covered by vernix - Reacts to bright lights & sounds
26
Fetus - 25-28 weeks
- Growth continues - Organ systems mature - Age of viability reached - Predictable sleep cycles & motor activity - Fat layer under skin develops - Less activity, more sleep
27
Blastocyst
ball of cells formed when the fertilized egg begins to divide
28
Teratogens
external agents harmful to a developing embryo/fetus, such as viruses, chemicals, radiation or drugs
29
The sensitive-period principle
Teratogen effects on a body parts or organs are worse when said structure is at its fastest point of growing/forming
30
The individual-difference principle
Embryos/fetuses are not equally susceptible to damage Dependent on genetics & prenatal environment quality 1. Genotype of mother and child affects influence
31
The dosage principle
Longer exposure and/or higher dosage leads to more serious damage
32
The sleeper effect principle
Damage caused by a teratogen that are not apparent until later periods in a child's life
33
Fetal Alcohol System (FAS)
- Affecting babies with mothers who drank - Microcephaly (small head) - Heart, limb, joint & face malformations - Smaller & weigh less, lag behind peers in physical growth - Irritability, tremors, hyperactivity, seizures
34
Fetal Alcohol Effects
Poor growth, minor physical abnormalities, poor motor skills, attention issues, lower intellectual performance, verbal learning deficits Can be triggered by occasional social drinking, drinking binge (5+ drinks) No period of vulnerability
35
Cigarettes
Smaller Respiratory infections & diseases First trimester - cleft lip or missing cleft palate ADHD - nicotine
36
Aspirin & diet pills
Lower birth weight, IQ & motor control
37
Caffeine
- Higher risk of miscarriage - Low birth weights - Lower IQ - Poor motor control
38
Marijuana
- Impaired function of basal nucleus (amygdala which regulates emotional behaviour - Lower cognitive abilities (reading, spelling etc.) - Anxiety & depression - Smaller on average
39
Heroin, methadone & other addictive narcotic agents
Withdrawal symptoms (child) Miscarriage, premature birth, infant death
40
Cocaine
- Increased fetal blood pressure & decreased flow of nutrients & oxygen across placenta - Miscarriage, premature birth - Lower IQ scores, language development & other learning & attention skills Emotional bonding - babies fail to develop secure ties to their primary caregivers
41
Longest period of susceptibility to structural defects
Central nervous system 16 weeks
42
Period of susceptibility
table
43
Chromosomal abnormalities
A gamete having too many or too few chromosomes due to uneven distribution during cell division The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, are commonly affected
44
Autosomal
the 22 pairs of chromosomes similar in men and women
45
Autosomal abnormalities
A gamete carrying an extra chromosome forms a zygote with 47 chromosomes - 22 pairs and one group of 3 Down syndrome
46
Down syndrome
- Mild/moderate intellectual impairment - Some characteristic physical features - Likelihood of bearing a child with Down syndrome increases with age (16-34, it's less likely)
47
Genetic abnormalities
- Dominant - One allele is enough to pass it on - Recessive - Two alleles must be paired to pass it on Also can be caused by mutations - changes to chemical structures
48
Congenital defect
Problem present (not necessarily apparent) at birth, stemming from genetic, chromosomal or prenatal influences
49
Dichotomous traits
Can only occur in one form or another, not combined e.g. brown hair or blonde hair
50
Phenotype
Observable traits e.g. hair colour
51
Genotype
unobservable, genetic material e.g. what recessive genes you carry
52
*Single-gene inheritance
53
*Co-dominance
Two dominant genes
54
Sex-linked inheritance
1. Gene is linked to either the X or the Y chromosome 2. X-linked diseases are mostly male 1. XX can counteract but XY cannot
55
Poly-X
triple X pattern, normal in appearance, fertile, only in females 1/1000
56
Poly-X
only in males, 1/1000
57
Klinefelter's Syndrome
extra X chromosomes, underdeveloped testes, enlarged breasts, intellectual & cognitive impairment 1/600
58
Turner's syndrome/X0
One X, one is missing or partially deleted, infertile, only occurs in females 1/2500 female births Least common
59
Fragile X Syndrome
Abnormality in the X chromosome, prominent ears, long face, prominent in both females and males, more common in males
60
*PKU
What is it? 1/10-20,000, not linked to sex chromosomes so not more male or female carriers
61
Sickle-cell anemia
Malaria commonly seen in African Americans, mostly recessive 1/500 - most common
62
Huntington's Disease
Genetic disease, doesn't appear until later in life (around 40), dominant gene, chance of your offspring getting it is 50% Don't live more than 15 years after symptoms first begin to appear
63
Three Layers of the Embryo
Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm
64
Endoderm
The inner layer – develops into digestive & respiratory systems
65
Mesoderm
middle layer – develops into the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system & reproductive system
66
Ectoderm
outermost layer – becomes the nervous system, brain, sensory receptors & skin parts

1.4 Developmental Psychology (12 decks)

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