5. Language - Phases of Language Development

Question 1

Phases of Language Development

Answer 1

1. Prelinguistic period
2. Holophrase period
3. Telegraphic period
4. Preschool period
5. Middle childhood & adolescence

Question 2

Prelinguistic Period

Answer 2

0-12 months
Express themselves with sounds, no full words
Cooing first (vowel-like)
Babbling next (vowel, consonant combinations)

Gestures
Declarative
Imperative

Question 3

Declarative gestures

Answer 3

Pointing to or touching an object to draw attention to it

Question 4

Imperative gestures

Answer 4

Giving commands through gestures
Convincing others to do things
e.g. pointing at candy, tugging on leg to be picked up

Question 5

Holophrase period

Answer 5

12-18 months
Words, not sentences e.g. eat not I want to eat

Receptive language
Productive language
Fast-mapping
Naming explosion

Question 6

Receptive language

Answer 6

Holophrase period

Understanding of language

Question 7

Productive language

Answer 7

Holophrase period

Language production i.e. speaking

Question 8

Fast-mapping

Answer 8

Holophrase period

Quickly adding a word to your vocabulary after hearing it used properly a few times

Question 9

Naming explosion

Answer 9

Holophrase period

The dramatic increase in the pace at which infants acquire new words in the latter half of the 2nd year.

Question 10

Errors in the Holophrase Period

Answer 10

Overextension
Underextension

Question 11

Overextension

Answer 11

Error in holophrase period

Tendency to use specific words to refer to a broader group of objects, actions or events

e.g. car for all vehicles

Question 12

Underextension

Answer 12

Error in holophrase period

Tendency to use general words to refer to a broader group of objects, actions or events

e.g. all candy as mints

Question 13

Holophrase - Constraints

Answer 13

Object scope
Taxonomic
Lexical contrast
Mutual exclusivity

Question 14

Object scope constraint

Answer 14

Assumption that words refer to whole objects, not the parts

e.g. car as a whole, not the wheels, seats, gears etc.

Question 15

Taxonomic constraint

Answer 15

Assumption that words are labels for similar objects that share features

e.g. all four legged animals are horses

Question 16

Lexical contrast constraint

Answer 16

Assumption that every word has a unique meaning

Development of subcategories
e.g. Corgis and Cavaliers are types of dogs

Question 17

Mutual exclusivity

Answer 17

Assumption that everything has one label & different words refer to different/separate categories
i.e. two different words have to refer to different things

example: child doesn’t know what an antilope is but knows a lion. They will get which one the antilope is from ‘The lion is chasing the antilope’

Question 18

Telegraphic Period

Answer 18

18-24 months

SUMMARY

Telegraphic speech
Vocal turn taking
Sociolinguistic prescriptions

Question 19

Telegraphic speech

Answer 19

Two word utterances in the right order

Question 20

Vocal turn taking

Answer 20

Telegraphic period

Taking social cues within a conversation, knowing not to interrupt

Question 21

*Telegraphic - language learning for siblings

Answer 21

Reference style - older siblings
Expressive style - younger siblings

Question 22

Sociolinguistic prescriptions

Answer 22

Talking a certain way within a certain setting
e.g. more polite when you want something

Question 23

Preschool Period

Answer 23

2.5 to 5 years

SUMMARY

Transformational grammar
Grammatical morphemes
Over-regulation

Question 24

Transformational grammar

Answer 24

Preschool period

Rule allowing us to transform declarative statements into questions, negatives, imperatives etc.

Question 25

Grammatical morphemes

Answer 25

Preschool period

Prefixes, suffixes, prepositions, and auxiliary verbs that modify the meaning of words and sentences are starting to be used by the child

ex: “we runned” learning that it’s actually “we ran”

Question 26

Over-regulation

Answer 26

Preschool period

when children occasionally overextend new grammatical morphemes to cases in which the adult form is irregular

ex: learning past tense and then applying it to any tense that’s not present

Question 27

Middle Childhood & Adolescence

Answer 27

6 - 14 years

SUMMARY

Metalinguistic awareness
Passive sentences
Conditional sentences
Semantic integration?

Question 28

*Metalinguistic awareness

Answer 28

Middle childhood & adolescence

Ability to reflect on our own language
e.g. sarcasm

Question 29

Passive sentences

Answer 29

Middle childhood & adolescence

Main object is acted upon and is passive

e.g. mickey mouse was liked by donald duck

Question 30

Conditional sentences

Answer 30

Middle childhood & adolescence

There is a condition on the main object

e.g. if goofy had come to the party, donald would have liked that
Make your own example

Question 31

*Semantic integration

Answer 31

Middle childhood & adolescence

Seeing the hidden meaning behind a word, understanding metaphors

e.g. innuendos

Question 32

*Synactical Bootstrapping

Question 33

*Semantic bootstrapping

Question 34

*Expansion

Question 35

*Recasting