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A&P 2 > 1: Blood > Flashcards

1: Blood Flashcards

(40 cards)

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1
Q

Physical characteristics

A

Temp: 38 deg.
PH: 7.35-7.45 (basic)
Color: varies with O2 content.
Volume: 4-6L (different in men and woman)

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2
Q

Blood components

A

It is a type of connective tissue.
55% blood plasma. 45% formed elements (WBC& platelets& RBC)
Refer to table 19.1

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3
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC.

It is a way of visualizing RBC

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4
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

The formation of blood cells from hemopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow.

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5
Q

Pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells divide into:

A

Myeloid stem cells: form RBC, platelets, granulocytes and monocytes.
Lymphoid stem cells: give rise to lymphocytes

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6
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Stimulates RBC production

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7
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Stimulates platelet formation

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8
Q

Cytokines

A

Stimulate WBC production and activity

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9
Q

RBC structure

A

Biconcave discs.
Contain hemoglobin.
No nuclei

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10
Q

RBC functions

A
  1. Oxygen transport: the iron portion of a heme group binds to O2 for transport by hemoglobin.
  2. Carbon dioxide transport: hemoglobin transports 20% of CO2
  3. Blood flow regulation: hemoglobin can stimulate vessel dilation through its storage or release of nitric oxide.
  4. Carbonic acid production: RBC contain carbonic anhydrase. It then dissociates into H+ and HCO3-
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11
Q

RBC life cycle

A

Live about 120 days
They are destroyed by macrophages and hemoglobin is recycled.
See notes for steps.

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12
Q

WBC Structure and function

A

Larger than RBC.
Has nuclei. ( means it is active)
No hemoglobin.
Either granular or agranular.

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13
Q

Granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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14
Q

Neutrophils

A 
60-70% of WBC. 
2x the size of RBC. 
nucleus has 2-5 lobes. 
Pale lilac granules. 
Function: phagocytosis
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15
Q

Blood functions

A

Transports O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes and hormones.
Regulates pH, body temp, and h2o content.
Provides protection through clotting through WBC or plasma proteins.

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16
Q

Eosinophils

A

2-4% of WBC.
Nucleus is 2 lobes.
Large orange/red granules.
Function: diminish inflammation and phygocytize antigen-antibody complexes.

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17
Q

Basophils

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A 
.5-1% of WBC. 
Nucleus has 2 lobes. 
Large granules in the cytoplasm. 
Deep purple/blue color. 
Function: turns up inflammation.
18
Q

Agranular Leukocytes

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A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

19
Q

Lymphocytes

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A

20-25% of WBC.
Round nucleus and larger than RBC.
Function: Bcells develop into plasma cells, Tcells attack invading cells

20
Q

Monocytes

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A

3-8% of WBC.
Largest WBC.
Huge horseshoe/kidney shaped nuclei.
Function: phagocytosis, destroys more bacteria in more time than lymphocytes

21
Q

Leukocytosis

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A

Increase of number of WBC

22
Q

Leukopenia

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A

Abnormally low number of WBC. (Not beneficial)

23
Q

Platelet structure and function

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A 
Disc shaped cell fragments. 
Contains granules. 
No organelles. 
Promote blood clotting. 
Very important for homeostasis.
24
Q

Platelet production

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A

Under the influence of thromoprotein, myeloid stem cells develop into megakaryoblasts. This chips them off into platelets

25
Platelet life cycle
Life span: 10days | Aged and dead platelets are removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver.
26
Hemostasis
Carefully controlled responses that stop bleeding. Major parts: 1. Vascular spasm. 2. Platelet plug formation. 3. Blood coagulation (clotting)
27
Vascular spasm
Smooth muscle of a vessel wall contracts slow blood loss. Caused by damage to the smooth muscle by substances released from activated platelets and by reflexes initiated by pain receptors. "Basel constriction"
28
Platelet plug formation
Involves aggregation of platelets to stop bleeding. 1. Platelet adhesion: platelets stick to damaged endothelium and exploded to collagen of a vessel. 2. Platelet release reaction: platelets stuck to the damaged vessel release several chemicals essential to hemostasis and repair. (See notes) 3. Platelet aggression: other platelets are attracted by ADP released in step 2.
29
Blood clotting
A network of insoluble protein fibers that traps formed elements. The chemicals involved in clotting are known as clotting factors. Their synthesis often requires vitamin K. (See various reactions in notes)
30
The extrinsic pathway
Pthase production. Gets its name from the fact that it is initiated by tissue factor (thromboplastin), which leaks into the blood from damaged cells outside blood vessels. (See notes for reaction)
31
The intrinsic pathway
Prothrombinase production. Gets its name from the fact that it's activators are either in direct contact or contained within blood. (See notes for reaction.)
32
The common pathway
Initiated by prothrombinase, The end product of both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. (See notes for reaction)
33
Clot retraction
Normal coagulation is followed by clot retraction. Fibrin threads in the clot, contract as platelets pull on them. I was the clot tightens the edges of the damage vessel are pulled closer together. Permanent repair of the blood vessel can then take place.
34
Prostacyclin
Produced by endothelial cells and wbc, inhibits thromboxane A2 and platelet plug formation.
35
Anticoagulants
Block thrombin formation.
36
Blood groups and blood transfusions
Rbc plasma membrane's are started with genetically determined assortment of antigens. Major blood groups; ABO & Rh
37
ABO blood group
Type A--Antigen A--Antibody B Type B--Antigen B--Antibody A Type O--No antigen--Antibody A&B TypeAB--AntigenA&B--No antibody
38
Rh blood group
Based on the presence or absence of an antigen with unknown function. RBC that have Rh antigens are classified as Rh positive. Rbc who lack the antigen RRH negative. Put pause my does not contain anti-Rh antibodies.
39
Blood transfusion
Hemolysis occurs if the recipient blood plasma interact with donors antigens. Incompatible blood transfusion can cause kidney failure and death.
40
Agglutination
When the blood clumps. To know that the red blood cells has the antigens. Blood clumps when the Rh is positive.

A&P 2 (2 decks)

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