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Biology Paper 1 > 1-Cell Biology > Flashcards

1-Cell Biology Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What is the role of the nucleus

A

Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

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2
Q

What is the role of cytoplasm

A

Gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions occur.
Contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions

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3
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane

A

Holds cell together and controls what goes in or out

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4
Q

What is the role of mitochondria

A

Where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place

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5
Q

What is the role of a ribosome

A

Where protein synthesis occurs

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6
Q

What is the role of a cell wall

A

Supports and strengthens the cell.

Made of cellulose

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7
Q

What is the role of the vacuole

A

Contains cell sap- a weak solution of sugar and salts

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8
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts

A

Where photosynthesis occurs

Contains chlorophyll

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9
Q

What is the role of chlorophyll

A

Absorbs light for photosynthesis

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10
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell

A

A single celled organism

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11
Q

What are the two types of microscope

A

Light and electron

Electron has higher magnification

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12
Q

What is resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two points

Higher resolution gives sharper image

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13
Q

How do you calculate magnification

A

Image size/real size

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14
Q

What stain could you add to a slide

A

Iodine solution

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15
Q

Why r stains added to slides

A

They r added to highlight objects in a cell by giving colour to them

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16
Q

What is a cover slip

A

A square of thin, transparent plastic or glass

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17
Q

What is differentiation

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised

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18
Q

How r sperm cells specialised for reproduction

A

Long tail and streamlined head to swim to the egg
Lots of mitochondria for energy
Carries enzymes to digest through the egg cell membrane

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19
Q

How r nerve cells specialised for rapid signalling

A

Long to cover more distance

Branched connections to connect to other cells and form a network through the body

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20
Q

How r muscle cells specialised for contraction

A

Long- space to contract

Lots of mitochondria for energy

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21
Q

How r root hair cells specialised for absorbing water and minerals

Study These Flashcards
A

Large surface area fro absorbing lots of water and minerals from the soil

22
Q

How is the phloem specialised to transport food

Study These Flashcards
A

Have very few sub cellular structures to allow food to move easier
Moves in both directions

23
Q

How is the xylem specialised to transport water

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A

It is hollow with large holes at the end to allow water and mineral to pass through easily

24
Q

What r chromosomes

Study These Flashcards
A

Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

25
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have
23 pairs
26
What r the two main stages in the cell cycle
Growth & DNA replication Mitosis
27
Briefly explain mitosis
- Cell grows - DNA duplicates - Chromosomes line up at equator - Spindle fibres pull them apart to opposite poles - Membranes form around both sets - These become nuclei - Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide - Two daughter cells produced
28
What is a daughter cell
Contain the exact same DNA
29
What cells replicate through binary fission
Prokaryotic cells
30
Briefly explain binary fission
- Circular DNA and plasmids replicate - Cell gets bigger - DNA moves to opposite sides of the cell - Cytoplasm divides - Two daughter cell produced
31
What is a culture medium
Contains the carbohydrates, minerals, proteins and vitamins that bacteria need to grow
32
What is used to transfer microorganisms to the culture medium
An inoculating loop | Sterile dropping pipettes and spreader can also be used
33
What is the clear area where the bacteria have died called
Inhibition zone
34
What is an undifferentiated cell
They can differentiate into different types of cells depending on what instructions their given
35
Where can stem cells been found
Human embryos | Adult bone marrow
36
What can bone marrow stem cells be used for
Can replace faulty blood cells
37
What can embryonic cells be used for
Replace faulty cells Insulin producing cells Nerve cells
38
What are the risks of using stem cells in medicine
May become contaminated with a virus and then passed onto the patient
39
Why r some people against stem cell research
They consider that the human embryos are potential human life
40
Where r stem cells found in plants and what r they used for
Found in the meristems | Can be used for producing clones, disease resistant crops, reproducing rare species
41
What is diffusion
The spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower conc
42
What is osmosis
Movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water conc to a region of lower conc
43
What is active transport
Allows plants or animals to absorb minerals and nutrients against the concentration gradient but uses energy
44
How easy it is to exchange substances with environment depends on what
The organism’s surface area to volume ratio
45
How are exchange surfaces adapted to maximise effectiveness
``` Thin membrane- short diffusion distance Large surface area In animals, lots of blood vessels Gas exchange surfaces are ventilated Moist lining for dissolving gases in alveoli ```
46
What is used for gas exchange in the lungs
Alveoli
47
What is used to quickly digest food in the small intestine
Villi
48
What is a stomata
Holes on the underneath of a leaf where gas is exchanged
49
What do the guard cells do
Control the size of the stomata | Close the stomata if the plant is losing too much water
50
What is the role of lamellae
On gill filaments in fish Increase SA Lots of blood capillaries to speed up diffusion

Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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