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Biology Paper 1 > 2-Organisation > Flashcards

2-Organisation Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

What is a tissue

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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2
Q

What is an organ

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

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3
Q

What is an organ system

A

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

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4
Q

What is an enzyme

A

A biological catalyst

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5
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up

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6
Q

What is the active site

A

Area in the enzyme where the substrate goes into

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7
Q

How does pH and temperature affect enzymes

A

If they get too high or too low then the enzyme denatures

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8
Q

Where is amylase produced

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine

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9
Q

Where is protease produced

A

Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine

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10
Q

Where is lipase produced

A

Pancreas

Small intestine

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11
Q

What does starch break down into

A

Glucose and other sugars

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12
Q

What does protein break down into

A

Amino acids

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13
Q

What do lipids break down into

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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14
Q

What is the role of bile

A

Neutralises the HCL in the stomach because enzymes work best in alkaline conditions
Emulsifies fats- breaks down fats into tiny droplets so there is a bigger SA

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15
Q

Where is bile produced and stored

A

Produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder

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16
Q

What is the role of the large intestine in digestion

A

Where excess water is absorbed from food

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17
Q

What is the role of the small intestine in digestion

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes

Digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into blood

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18
Q

What is the role of the stomach In digestion

A

Pummels the food with the muscular walls
Produces protease and pepsin
Produces HCL to kill bacteria and make it pH 2 for the protease enzyme to work

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19
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in digestion

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase which is released into the small intestine

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20
Q

What is the role of the liver in digestion

A

Where bile is produced.

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21
Q

What is the role of the rectum in digestion

A

Where the faeces are stored

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22
Q

What is used to test for sugars

A

Benedict’s solution

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23
Q

What colour does benedicts turn if sugar is present

A

Changes from blue to green, yellow or brick red depending on how much sugar is in the food

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24
Q

What is used to test for starch

A

Iodine solution

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25
What colour does iodine turn if starch is present
Changes from browny-orange to black or blue black
26
What is used to test for proteins
Biuret solution
27
What colour does biuret turn if protein is present
Changes from blue to purple
28
What is used to test for lipids
Sudan III
29
What colour does Sudan III change to if lipids are present
The mixture will separate into two layers and the top layer will be bright red
30
How do u prepare a food sample
Break up the piece of food using a pestle and mortar Transfer into beaker and add distilled water Stir with glass rod Filter out solid bits with a funnel and filter paper
31
What separates the thorax and lower part of your body
The diaphragm
32
What r the different tubes going in the lungs
Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
33
How does gas exchange occur in the alveoli
Blood containing lots of CO2 and little O2 passes by the alveoli in capillaries. CO2 diffuses out of blood into alveolus. O2 diffuses out of alveoli into the blood
34
What is the circulatory system made up of
The heart, blood vessels and blood
35
What is the role of valves
To prevent backflow
36
What is the journey of blood on the right side of the heart
Enters from vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Exits through pulmonary artery
37
What is the journey of blood on the left side of the heart
Enters from the pulmonary vein Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta
38
What is the role of arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
39
What is the role of veins
Carry blood to the heart
40
What is the role of capillaries
Involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues
41
What is the structure of arteries
Blood is high pressure so the walls are strong and elastic and thick compared to the size of the lumen
42
What is the lumen
The hole in the middle of a blood vessel
43
What is the structure of veins
Blood is at lower pressure so the walls aren’t as thick Larger lumen Valves
44
What is the structure of capillaries
Very thin walls- only one cell thick Very small lumen Permeable walls
45
What is the role of red blood cells
Carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body | Contain haemoglobin which binds to oxygen
46
How r red blood cells adapted to carry more oxygen
No nucleus so more space | Biconcave structure for more SA
47
What is the role of white blood cells
Phagocytes engulf microorganisms Lymphocytes produce antibodies Have a nucleus
48
What is the role of platelets
Small fragments of cells that help blood clot at a wound, which stops blood pouring out and microorganisms getting in
49
What is the role of plasma
Straw coloured liquid carries- red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, nutrients like glucose and amino acids, CO2, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antitoxins
50
What is coronary heart disease
When the coronary arteries get blocked by layers of fatty materials building up and there is lack of oxygen
51
What r stents
Tubes inserted inside the arteries that keep them open
52
What r statins
Drugs that reduce the amount of LDL or ‘bad’ cholesterol in the bloodstream
53
Advantages of statins
Reduce risk of stokes, heart attacks and coronary heart disease. Increases the amount of beneficial HDL cholesterol in bloodstream. May also help to prevent other diseases
54
Disadvantages of statins
Long term drug and could be forgotten. Takes time for effect to kick in. Side effects: headaches, kidney failure, liver damage and memory loss
55
Advantage of artificial hearts
Less likely to be rejected as they are made of plastics or metals
56
Disadvantage of artificial heart
Surgery can lead to bleeding and infection, blood doesn’t flow as easily which can lead to blood clots and stokes so patient need to take pill to thin their blood, this could problems with bleeding if they get hurt in an accident
57
What is artificial blood used for
It is a salt substitute that is used to replace the missing volume of blood which can give the body time to produce new red blood cells
58
What is a communicable disease
Spread form person to person or between animals and people. | eg. Measles or malaria
59
What is a non-communicable disease
Can not spread between animals or people. Generally last a long time and get worse. eg. Asthma, cancer and coronary heart disease
60
What r risk factors
Factors that increase the likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease during their lifetime
61
What r the costs of non-communicable diseases
Human cost- tens of millions die each year | Financial cost- NHS, and any other health services across the world, research and treatment costs are massive
62
What is uncontrolled growth and division a result of
Changes to cells that result in a tumour
63
What does benign mean
Tumour grows until there’s no more room then stops. Stays in one place. Not cancerous
64
What does malignant mean
Tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues. Cells can travel in the bloodstream and form secondary tumours elsewhere
65
What risk factors can increase chances of cancer
``` Smoking Obesity UV exposure Viral infection Inherited faulty genes Mutations in the BRCA genes ```
66
What is epidermal tissue
This covers the whole plant and has a waxy cuticle which reduces water loss
67
What is palisade mesophyll tissue
This is the part of the leaf where most photosynthesis occurs and contains lots of chloroplasts. Near the top of the leaf where it can get most light
68
What is spongy mesophyll tissue
Contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells
69
What is meristem tissue
Found at the growing tips of shoots and roots and is able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cell
70
Function and structure of phloem
Transport food substances mainly dissolved sugars Columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls for cell sap. Transport goes in both directions. Translocation
71
Function and structure of xylem
Carry water and mineral ions from roots to stems and leaves. Made of dead cells with no end walls but a hole down the middle. Strengthened with lignin. Transpiration
72
What is transpiration
Loss of water from leaves through evaporation and diffusion
73
What is transpiration rate affected by
Light intensity Temperature Air flow Humidity
74
How can you estimate the rate of transpiration of a plant
Measure the water uptake of the plant as it is directly related
75
When do guard cells become flaccid
When the plant is short of water the guard cells lose water and make the stomata close. This helps stop too much water vapour escaping
76
When do guard cells become turgid
When the plant has too much water and the guard cells fill, making the stomata open so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis

Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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