1. Characteristics & Classification Of Living Organisms Flashcards
(295 cards)
1
Q
Movement definition
A
an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place
2
Q
Respiration definition
A
the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy for metabolism
3
Q
Sensitivity definition
A
the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses
4
Q
Growth definition
A
a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both
5
Q
Reproduction definition
A
the processes that make more of the same kind of organism
6
Q
Excretion definition
A
the removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in excess of requirements
7
Q
Nutrition definition
A
the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic compounds, ions and usually need water
8
Q
Species definition
A
A species is defined as a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
9
Q
In what ways can species be classified into groups
A
These species can be classified into groups by the features that they share
10
Q
How are organisms classified in a binomial system?
A
He named organisms in Latin using the binomial system where the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts starting with the genus (always given a capital letter) and followed by the species (starting with a lower case letter)
11
Q
What is the sequence of classifications for the binomial system?
A
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
12
Q
Why do organisms share features?
A
Organisms share features because they originally descend from a common ancestor
13
Q
In what way did organisms use to be classified?
A
Originally, organisms were classified using morphology (the overall form and shape of the organism, e.g. whether it had wings or legs) and anatomy (the detailed body structure as determined by dissection)
14
Q
What allowed us to classify organisms more accurately?
A
As technology advanced, microscopes, knowledge of biochemistry and eventually DNA sequencing allowed us to classify organisms using a more scientific approach
15
Q
What does it show if the base sequences in the DNA of two species are similar?
A
Studies of DNA sequences of different species show that the more similar the base sequences in the DNA of two species, the more closely related those two species are (and the more recent in time their common ancestor is)
16
Q
What do the cells of all living organisms contain?
A
The cells of all living organisms contain the following:
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
DNA as genetic material (either found in the nucleus or free in the cytoplasm)
ribosomes
enzymes
17
Q
Where can enzymes be found in a cell and what are they used for?
A
Enzymes for respiration (in many, but not all types of cells, found in mitochondria
18
Q
What is the first division of living things in the classification system?
A
the five kingdoms
19
Q
What are the 5 kingdoms of classification?
A
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protoctists
Prokaryotes
20
Q
What are the main features of all animals?
A
they are multicellular
their cells contain a nucleus but no cell walls or chloroplasts
they feed on organic substances made by other living things
21
Q
What are the main features of all plants?
A
they are multicellular
their cells contain a nucleus, chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls
they all feed by photosynthesis
22
Q
What are the main features of all fungi?
A
usually multicellular
cells have nuclei and cell walls not made from cellulose
do not photosynthesise but feed by saprophytic (on dead or decaying material) or parasitic (on live material) nutrition
23
Q
What do the cell walls of fungi cells contain?
A
chitin
24
Q
What are the main features of all protoctists?
A
most are unicellular but some are multicellular
all have a nucleus, some may have cell walls and chloroplasts
meaning some protoctists photosynthesise and some feed on organic substances made by other living things
25
What are the main features of all prokaryotes?
often unicellular
- cells have cell walls (not made of cellulose) and cytoplasm but no nucleus or mitochondria
26
What is the cell wall of prokaryotes made from?
peptidoglycan
27
What are the 5 classes of vertebrates?
mammals
birds
reptiles
amphibians
fish
28
What do all vertebrates have?
a backbone
29
What main features do mammals have?
fur/hair on skin
have a placenta
young feed on milk from mammary glands
external ears (pinna) visible
warm-blooded
30
What main features do birds have?
skin covered in feathers
have 2 legs and 2 wings instead of forelimbs
lay eggs with hard shell on land
have a beak
warm-blooded
31
What main features do reptiles have?
dry, fixed scales on skin
lay eggs with rubbery shells on sand
cold-blooded
32
What main features do amphibians have?
smooth, moist skin
adults usually live on land (so have lungs)
larvae live in water (so have gills)
lay eggs without shells in water
cold-blooded
33
What main features do fish have?
loose, wet scales on skin
gills to breathe
lay eggs without shells in water
cold-blooded
34
What characteristic do all arthropods have?
they have jointed legs
35
What main features do myriapods have?
body consists of many segments
each segment contains at least 1 pair of jointed legs
1 pair of antennae
36
What main features do insects have?
3 part body (head, thorax and abdomen)
3 pairs of jointed legs
2 pairs of wings
1 pair of antennae
37
What main features do arachnids have?
2 part body - cephalothorax and abdomen
4 pairs of jointed legs
no antennae
38
What main features do crustaceans have?
more than 4 pairs of jointed legs
chalky exoskeleton formed from calcium
breathe through gills
2 pairs of antennae
39
What features do all plants need to have?
At least some parts of any plant are green, caused by the presence of the pigment chlorophyll which absorbs energy from sunlight for the process of photosynthesis
40
What 2 examples of plants are in the plant kingdom?
Ferns and flowering plants
41
What features do ferns have?
Have leaves called fronds
- Do not produce flowers but instead reproduce by spores produced on the underside of fronds
42
What features do flowering plants have?
Reproduce sexually by means of flowers and seeds
Seeds are produced inside the ovary found at the base of the flower
Can be divided into two groups – monocotyledons and dicotyledons
43
What features do monocotyledons have?
Flowers contain petals in multiples of 3
- parallel leaf veins
44
What features do dicotyledons have?
Flowers from dicotyledons contain petals in multiples of 4 or 5
Leaves from dicotyledons have reticulated leaf veins (meaning that they are all interconnected and form a web-like network throughout the leaf)
45
Are viruses part of any classification systems? Why?
Viruses are not part of any classification system as they are not considered living things
46
How do viruses survive?
They do not carry out the seven life processes for themselves, instead they take over a host cell’s metabolic pathways in order to make multiple copies of themselves
47
What does a virus contain?
Virus structure is simply genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protein coat
48
There are seven characteristics of living organisms. These characteristics are often described as life processes: Name them.
MRS GREN is the abbreviation for the life processes:
Movement.
Respiration.
Sensitivity.
Growth.
Reproduction.
Excretion.
Nutrition.
49
Define movement.
An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place.
50
Define sensitivity.
The ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses.
51
Define respiration.
The chemical reactions break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy for metabolism.
52
Define growth.
A permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both.
53
Define reproduction.
The processes that make more of the same kind of organism.
54
Define excretion.
The removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism.
For example, animals breathe out carbon dioxide and plants give out oxygen.
55
Define nutrition.
The taking in of materials for energy, growth, and development.
56
What do plants require (nutrition-wise)?
Plants require light, carbon dioxide, water, and ions.
57
What do animals need (nutrition-wise)?
Animals need organic compounds, ions and usually need water.
58
What controls movement in plants?
In plants, movement happens slowly and on a cellular level.
59
What controls movement in animals?
In animals, muscles control movement.
60
What is the word equation for respiration involving oxygen?
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy released.
61
What test can be done to see if a living organism is respiring and what is the result of the test?
The carbon dioxide test can be used to find out if a living organism is present, respiring and producing carbon dioxide.
If so, the lime water will change from colourless to milky.
62
What is stimulus?
Stimulus is when a living organism is able to detect or sense changes in their environment.
63
Name five examples of stimuli.
Touch, temperature, chemicals, light and sound.
64
What is asexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction involves one parent giving rise to offspring that are often identical to each other and to the parent.
65
What is sexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction involves two parent organisms producing gametes which fuse to give rise to the next generation.
66
Define metabolism.
Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism.
67
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water → light energy and chlorophyll → oxygen + glucose.
68
There are millions of species of organisms on Earth. Define species.
A species is defined as a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring.
69
How can species be classified into groups?
These species can be classified into groups by the features that they share.
70
Linnaeus named organisms in Latin using the binomial system. Define binomial system.
The scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts starting with the genus (always given a capital letter) and followed by the species (starting with a lower case letter).
71
The sequence of classification is: Name it.
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
72
Studies of DNA sequences of different species show what?
These show that the more similar the base sequences in the DNA of two species, the more closely related those two species are.
73
The cells of all living organisms contain the following: Name them.
The cells of all living organisms contain the following:
Cytoplasm.
Cell membrane.
DNA as genetic material (either found in the nucleus or free in the cytoplasm).
Ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Enzymes for respiration.
74
The first division of living things in the classification system is to put them into one of five kingdoms. They are:
Name them.
Animals.
Plants.
Fungi.
Protoctists.
Prokaryotes.
75
3 Main features of all animals:
They are multicellular.
Their cells contain a nucleus, but no cell walls or chloroplasts.
They feed on organic substances made by other living things.
76
3 Main features of all plants:
They are multicellular.
Their cells contain a nucleus, chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls.
They all feed by photosynthesis.
77
3 Main features of all fungi (e.g. moulds, mushrooms, yeast).
Usually multicellular.
Cells have nuclei, cell walls containing chitin, mitochondrion, ribosomes, cell membrane, and cytoplasm.
Do not photosynthesize but feed by saprophytic nutrition.
78
3 Main features of all Protoctists (e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium, Plasmodium):
Most are unicellular but some are multicellular.
All have a nucleus, some may have cell walls and chloroplasts.
Means some protoctists photosynthesize and some feed on organic substances made by other living things.
79
2 Main features of all Prokaryotes (bacteria, blue-green algae):
Often unicellular.
- Cells have cell walls (not made of cellulose) and cytoplasm but no nucleus or mitochondria.
80
Define vertebrate.
An animal that has a backbone extending down the back of the body.
81
There are 5 classes of vertebrates:
Vertebrates:
Fish.
Mammals.
Amphibians.
Birds.
Reptiles.
82
Answer the following about Fish:
Body covers.
Limbs.
Breathing.
Reproduction.
Ears.
Teeth.
Body Temp.
Body covers = slimy scales.
Limbs = no limbs but have fins.
Breathing = gills (2 chambered heart).
Reproduction = soft eggs laid in water.
Ears: No ears.
Teeth: One type.
Body Temp: Variable temp.
83
Name 3 examples of fish.
Bream, bass, eels, tigerfish, sharks, and sea horses.
84
Answer the following about mammals:
Body covers.
Limbs.
Breathing.
Reproduction.
Ears.
Teeth.
Body Temp.
Body covers = hair or fur.
Limbs = two pairs of legs, fins or wings.
Breathing = lungs.
Reproduction = give birth to live young that suckle milk from the mammary glands.
Ears: External ears.
Teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, molars.
Body Temp: Endothermic.
85
Name 3 examples of mammals.
Dogs, humans, elephants, and lions.
86
Answer the following about birds:
Body covers.
Limbs.
Breathing.
Reproduction.
Ears.
Teeth.
Body Temp.
Body covers = feathers.
Limbs = one pair of wings and one pair of legs.
Breathing = lungs.
Reproduction = hard-shelled eggs on land (in nests).
Ears: No external ears.
Teeth: no teeth but has a beak.
Body Temp: Endothermic.
87
Name 4 examples of birds.
Doves, parrots, ostrich, and penguins.
88
Answer the following about amphibians:
Body covers.
Limbs.
Breathing.
Reproduction.
Ears.
Teeth.
Body Temp.
Body covers = moist skin.
Limbs = two pairs of legs.
Breathing = larva uses gills in water, adult uses lungs on land and skin in water.
Reproduction = jelly-like eggs laid in water.
Ears: No external ears.
Teeth: One type.
Body Temp: Variable temp.
89
Name 3 examples of an amphibian.
Frog, toads, salamanders, and newt.
90
Answer the following about reptiles:
Body covers.
Limbs.
Breathing.
Reproduction.
Ears.
Teeth.
Body Temp.
Body covers = dry scales.
Limbs = two pairs of legs.
Breathing = lungs.
Reproduction = soft-shelled eggs on land.
Ears: No external ears.
Teeth: One type.
Body Temp: Variable temp.
91
Name 3 examples of a reptile.
Lizards, crocodiles, and snakes.
92
Define invertebrate.
An animal that lacks a vertebral column or backbone.
93
All invertebrates with jointed legs, exoskeletons, and jointed bodies are part of the phylum Arthropods.
They are classified further into the following classes:
Crustaceans, myriapods, insects and arachnids.
94
Answer the following on myriapods:
Number of legs.
Number of wings.
Body divisions.
Number of antennae.
Habitat.
Breath.
Number of legs = 10+ pairs (1 or 2 per segment).
Number of wings = No wings
Body divisions = Segmented body.
Number of antennae = 1 pair.
Habitat = Lives on land.
Breath = Breathes air.
95
Give two examples of myriapods.
Millipedes and centipedes.
96
Answer the following on crustaceans:
Number of legs.
Number of wings.
Body divisions.
Number of antennae.
Eyes.
Habitat.
Breath.
Number of legs = 5+ pairs
Number of wings = None.
Body divisions = cephalothorax and abdomen.
Number of antennae = 2 pairs.
Eyes = compound eyes.
Habitat = mainly aquatic.
Breath = Oxygen from water/ air and breathe through gills.
97
Give three examples of crustaceans.
Crab, lobster, barnacle, shrimp and woodlouse.
98
Answer the following on insects:
Number of legs.
Number of wings.
Body divisions.
Number of antennae.
Eyes.
Habitat.
Breath.
Cuticle.
Number of legs = 3 pairs.
Number of wings = 2 pairs (may be functionless).
Body divisions = Head, abdomen and thorax.
Number of antennae = 1 pair.
Eyes = compound eyes.
Habitat = mainly terrestrial.
Breath = breathes air through tracheae.
Cuticle = waterproof cuticle.
99
Give three example of insects.
Flies, cockroaches, beetles and lice.
100
Answer the following on arachnids:
Number of legs.
Number of wings.
Body divisions.
Number of antennae.
Habitat.
Breath.
Prey.
Number of legs = 4 pairs.
Number of wings = no wings.
Body divisions = cephalothorax and abdomen.
Number of antennae = No antennae.
Habitat = lives on land.
Breath = breathes through book lungs.
Prey = paralyse their prey with poisonous fangs.
101
Give three examples of arachnids.
Spider, scorpion, tick and mite.
102
What causes plants to be green and what does it do for the plant?
At least some parts of any plant are green, caused by the presence of the pigment chlorophyll which absorbs energy from sunlight for the process of photosynthesis.
103
Answer the following about ferns:
Leaves.
Reproduction.
Stems.
Have leaves called fronds.
Do not produce flowers but instead reproduce by spores produced on the underside of fronds.
Underground stems called rhizomes.
104
Flowering plants (Angiosperm):
Reproduction.
Seeds.
Division into two groups.
Reproduce sexually by means of flowers and seeds
Seeds are produced inside the ovary found at the base of the flower
Can be divided into two groups – monocotyledons and dicotyledons
105
Flowers:
Monocotyledons.
Dicotyledons.
Flowers from monocotyledons contain petals in multiples of 3.
Flowers from dicotyledons contain petals in multiples of 4 or 5.
106
Leaves:
Monocotyledons.
Dicotyledons.
Leaves from monocotyledons have parallel leaf veins.
- Leaves from dicotyledons have reticulated leaf veins.
107
Root system:
Monocotyledons.
Dicotyledons.
Monocotyledons = Fibrous root system which has adventitious roots.
Dicotyledons = Tap root system.
108
Embryo:
Monocotyledons.
Dicotyledons.
Monocotyledons = Seed contains an embryo with one seed leaf (cotyledon).
Dicotyledons = Seed contains an embryo with two seed-leaves (cotyledons).
109
Three examples of monocotyledons.
Maize, wheat, grass and rice.
110
Three examples of dicotyledons.
Bean, cotton, oak tree and roses.
111
What are viruses (simply)?
Virus structure is simply genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protein coat.
112
Viruses do not carry out the seven life processes for themselves. What do they do instead?
Instead they take over a host cell’s metabolic pathways in order to make multiple copies of themselves.
113
Viruses are not part of any classification system. Why?
Viruses are not part of any classification system as they are not considered living things.
114
What are keys used to do?
Keys are used to identify organisms based on a series of questions about their features.
115
Are organisms with the same genus name are closely related.
Explain your answer.
Yes, organisms placed in the same genus are always more closely related to each other than those in the same species family.
116
Are organisms with the same genus name are closely related.
Explain your answer.
Yes, organisms placed in the same genus are always more closely related to each other than those in the same species family.
117
Give two reasons as to why insects are successful on land.
They are covered by a waterproof cuticle that stops them from loosing too much water.
They can fly.
118
What is the binomial name for humans?
Homo sapiens.
119
What is a protoctist?
Single-celled plants and animals.
120
Plants have a transport system called the vascular system with xylem vessels and phloem vessels.
a) What do xylem vessels transport?
b) What do phloem vessels transport?
a) Transport water and mineral salts.
b) Transport sucrose, amino acids and hormones.
121
Diagrams to study:
Monocotyledon.
Dicotyledon.
Prokaryotes.
Fungi.
Viruses.
Keys.
122
What are the 7 characteristics?
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
123
What does Movement mean?
An action of an organism or part of an organism causing it to change the position or place
124
What does Respiration mean?
Chemical Reaction in the cells by breaking down food and releasing it as energy for metabolism.
125
What does Sensitivity mean?
The ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal and external environment and can respond accordingly.
126
What does Growth mean?
A permanent increase of size or dry mass by the increase of the number of cells or cell size or both.
127
What does Reproduction mean?
To produce more of the same kind of organism.
128
What does Excretion mean?
To get rid of waste substances of metabolism, toxic substances and materials of excess requirements of the organism.
129
What does Nutrition mean?
The intake of nutrients for growth, energy and movement
130
What is the production of energy carried out in cells?
Respiration
131
What is the definition of species?
A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring.
132
What is DNA?
DNA is the genetic material that is passed on from one generation to the next.
133
What happens when two different animals mate?
They produce infertile offspring and cannot reproduce.
134
Name the 7 categories that we use to classify animals.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
135
Name three characteristics of the animal kingdom
Multi cellular
Nucleus
Heterotrophs
136
Name five characteristics of the Plant kingdom
Photosynthesis
Multi cellular
Have nuclei and chloroplasts
have cellulose cell wall
have stems roots and leaves
137
Give 4 Characteristics of the Fungi Kingdom
Multi cellular
cell wall containing chitin
nucleus
Feed off dead matter
138
Give 4 Characteristics of the Protists Kingdom
Unicellular
Cell wall
Nucleus
Feed off of others or make their own food
139
Give 3 Characteristics of Prokaryotes
Unicellular
Flexible cell wall
No nucleus
140
Give 7 characteristics of fish
lateral line
mucus covering gills
2 chamber hearts
fins
gills
operculum
cold blooded
141
Give 7 characteristics of amphibians
cold blooded
slimy- wet
adult have lungs and young have gills
webbed feet
large mouths
nostrils
2 chamber hearts
142
Give 7 characteristics of Reptiles
Dry scaly skin
tail
cold blooded
limbs
lay eggs
mouths
4 chamber hearts
143
Give 9 characteristics of Birds
bipedal
scales covering feet
beaks
wings
feathers
claws
warm blooded
2 chamber hearts
nostrils
144
Give 10 characteristics of mammals
Pinna ears
penis
warm blooded
hair/fur
feed young milk
mouths w teeth
4 chamber hearts
sweat glands
145
What does endothermic mean?
Can regulate body temperature
146
What does ectothermic mean?
Cannot control body temperature
147
What is the binomial system?
The binomial system is a system that is used to be able to classify organisms using genus and species
148
Give 4 characteristics of myriapods
10 or more pairs of legs
no obvious divisions
1 pair of antennae
simple eyes
149
Give 5 characteristics of Insects
3 pairs of legs
3 body parts
1 pair of antennae
compound eyes
2 pairs of wings
150
Give 4 characteristics of Crustaceans
5 or more pairs of legs
2 body parts
2 pairs of antennae
compound eyes
151
Give 3 characteristics of Arachnids
4 pairs of legs
2 body parts
simple eyes
152
What is the cotyledon?
The cotyledon stores food for the seed and are the first leaves of the baby plants.
153
What are members of the Plant Kingdom described as?
Autotrophs
154
What are protoctists?
They are microscopic single- celled organisms.
155
What do Euglena possess?
They possess chloroplasts and make their food through photosynthesis
156
What are Amoeba?
Amoeba digest solid food and are described as animals.
157
How are fungi produced?
They are produced by spores.
158
What are Fungi made up?
Fungi are made up of thread like hyphae.
159
What are dichotomous keys used for?
They are used to divide the organisms in the key into smaller and smaller groups.
160
What are ribosomes and what do they do?
They make protein
161
What Is the Mitochondria?
It is the powerhouse of the cell- respiration occurs here to release energy
162
What is the cytoplasm?
It is a jelly like substance that fills the cell and where most chemical reactions happen
163
What is the nucleus?
Controls the chemical reactions in the cell.
164
What is the cell membrane?
Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
165
What is the cell wall?
Helps keep the cell rigid
166
What is the vacuole?
Supports the cell and contains cell sap
167
What are the chloroplasts?
Contains the pigment chlorophyll.
168
what do red blood cells do?
Transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Has haemoglobin to bind with oxygen
169
What do muscle cell do?
Contracts so that the structures can be brought closer together
170
What do ciliated cell do?
Has a layer of tiny hairs which can move and push mucus. The mucus transported trapped dust and microbes.
171
What do motor nerve cells do?
They conduct nerve impulses. They have a long fiber called axon which impulses a fatty sheath which gives electrical insulation.
172
what do Root hair cells do?
They absorb water and minerals from the soil.Has long extension which increases the surface area for absorption.
173
What does the xylem cell do?
It transports water and supports the plant.
174
What is endoplasmic reticulum?
Studded with ribosomes and is involved in producing and transporting proteins.
175
What is the mitochondria?
Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in the form of ATP by carrying out aerobic respiration.
176
What is the equation for respiration?
Glucose+ oxygen= carbon dioxide+water+ energy
177
Which cells do not have mitochondria?
prokaryotes
178
What is the binomial name for a modern day human?
Homo Sapiens
179
How do we classify organisms?
Using morphology, anatomy and DNA
180
What do ferns have?
They have stems leaves and roots ad they reproduce by spores.
181
Where do flowering grow their seeds?
In the ovary which forms a fruit
182
What are mono cots?
Have 1 cotyledon
in the number of 3
parallel veins
183
What are dicots?
Have two cotyledon
in the number of 5
branching veins
deep roots
184
What do many cells form?
tissue
185
What do many tissues form?
an organ
186
What do different organs form together?
system
187
What do different systems form together?
An organism
188
1m is how many mm?
1000mm
189
How many μm in one mm?
1000μm
190
What is the equation for magnification?
magnification= measured length/ actual length
191
How many nm in 1 μm?
1000nm
192
What are the secretory vesicles?
They contain cell products such as hormones or enzymes.
193
What are the different kingdoms?
Fungi, bacteria, viruses, animals and plants
194
How many kingdoms are there?
5
195
What does MRS C GREN stand for
Move
Respire
Sensitive
Control
Grow
Reproduce
Excrete
Nutrition
196
What are the common feature/characteristics of plants?
Multicellular
Contain chloroplasts
Able to carry out photosynthesis
Cellulose cell wall
Store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose
197
What are common features/characteristics of animals
Multicellular
Don’t contain chlorophyll so cannot carry out photosynthesis
No cell wall
Usually have nervous coordination and are able to move from place to place
Often store carbohydrates as glycogen
198
Common features/characteristics in fungi
Body organised in mycelium (but some are single celled)
Not able to carry out photosynthesis
Cell walls made of chitin
Saprotrophic nutrition(extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes on to food material and the absorption of organic products)
May store carbohydrates as glycogen
199
Common features/characteristics of bacteria
Microscopic single celled organisms
Simple cell structure with no nucleus but a single circular chromosome of DNA
Most feed on other living or dead organisms but some can carry out photosynthesis
They have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and plasmids
200
Common features/characteristics of viruses
Small particles (smaller than bacteria)
Parasitic and can only reproduce inside living cells
No cellular structure but a protein coat and contains one type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
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Example of bacteria
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Pneumococcus
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What is lactobacillus bulgaricus
A bacteria used in the production of yoghurt. It is rod shaped
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What is pneumococcus
A spherical bacterium that acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia
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Examples of viruses
Influenza
Tobacco mosaic virus
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What is influenza
Tha cause of the flu
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What is tobacco mosaic virus
It causes the discolouring of the leaves of tobacco plants by preventing the formation of chloroplasts (which will affect photosynthesis and therefore the yield)
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What are some examples of plants?
Flowering plants - cereal e.g maize
Herbaceous legume (has a soft stem)- peas or beans
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Examples of animals
Mammals-humans, elephants e.t.c
Insects- houseflies, mosquitos e.t.c
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How do fungi feed
They feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material and the absorption of the organic products-this is known saprotrophic nutrition
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Examples of fungi
Mucor -contains the typical hyphal structure
Yeast- single celled
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What are protoctists?
Microscopic single celled organisms
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An example of a protoctist that has features like an animal cell
Amoeba - lives in pond water
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An example of a protoctist that has more similar features to a plant
Chlorella- has chloroplasts
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An example of a pathogenic protoctist
Plasmodium -causes malaria
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What does the HIV virus cause?
AIDS
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What can pathogens be in the form of
Pathogens may be fungi, bacteria, protoctists or viruses
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What is a pathogen
Disease causing
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What are the levels of organisation within an organism
Oganelle-cells-tissues-organs and systems
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MOVEMENT
Movement is an action by an organism or part of an organism that causes a change of
position or place.
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RESPIRATION
chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient
molecules and release energy for metabolism.
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SENSITIVITY
ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and make
appropriate responses.
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GROWTH
permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell size, cell
number, or both.
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REPRODUCTION
The processes that make more of the same kind of organism
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EXCRETION
removal of metabolic wastes , toxic substances, and substances in excess of requirement from the body .
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plants require
light, CO2, water, and ions
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animals require
compounds, ions, water.
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Species
group of organisms that can interbreed among themselves and produce fertile offspring to continue its generation
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Classification
sorting and grouping of living organisms based on characteristics and common ancestors
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classification system ( biggest to smallest)
1) kingdom
2) phylum
3)class
4)order
5)family
6)genus
7)species
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Binominal system-
internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of 2 parts showing the genus and species.
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classification by DNA
We can compare sequences of amino acids in the DNA from different organisms.
Organisms with similar sequences would be more closely related
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all cells contain
ribosomes, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA .
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ribosomes
carry out protein synthesis and enzymes that are involved in processes such as respiration.
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living organisms are classified into 5 kingdoms
plant, animal, prokaryotes, fungi and protocist
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plant kingdom
● Multicellular
● Cellulose wall
● Large vacuole
● Eg: Hydrilla
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animal kingdom
● Multicellular
● No cell wall
● No large vacuole
● Eg: Muscle
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Prokaryotic kingdom
● Peptidoglycan
● No nucleus
● Plasmids
● Eg: Cholera
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Fungi kingdom
● Chitin wall
● Hyphae from
mycelium
● Eg: Yeast
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Protocist kingdom
● Do not belong
anywhere else
● Eg:
Paramecium
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Viruses (Not living thus not one of the kingdoms)
● Made of genetic material enclosed in a protein coat
● Viruses are parasitic . They enter a host cell in another organism to
multiply.
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Vertebrates
animals with a vertebral column and an internal skeleton
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phylum: Arthropoda( Poikilothermic)
presence of jointed legs
body covered in exoskeleton
presence of 1 or 2 pairs of antenna
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class: Crustacea ( Poikilothermic)
body covered in 2 parts , cephalothorax and segmented abdomen
less than 20 pairs of jointed appendages attached throughout the body
gills are the organs for gaseous exchange
they have 1 pair of compound lens
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class: insecta ( poikilothermic)
body is divied into 3 parts head, thorax and segmented abdomen
they have 3 pairs of jointed legs attached to the thorax
they have 1 or 2 pairs of wings attached to the thorax
spiracles are the organs for gaseous exchange
life cycle includes 4 stages: egg. larva , pupa and adult
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class: Archnida ( poikilothermic)
body is divided into 2 parts, cephalothorax and segmented abdomen
they have 2 pairs of jointed legs attached to the cephalothorax
the last segment of the adbomen is modified into a poison gland
book lungs are the organs for gaseous exchange
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class: Myriapoda (Poikilothermic)
tube like segmented body with a head
each segment in the body has 1 pair of jointed legs
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class: pisces (fish) (poikilothermic)
body streamlined with fins for balancing and swimming
gills are the organs for gaseous exchange
they have lateral line sense organ
both fertilization and development is external
2 chambered hearts and single circulation
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class: amphibia ( poikilothermic)
body covered with smooth and moist skin
primitive lungs and skin when they are adult, during early stage
gaseous exchange takes place with the help of external gills
-2 pairs of limbs ( fore limbs and hind limbs)
life cycle includes 3 stages ( egg, tadpole and adult )
both fertilization and development are external
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Class: Reptilia ( Poikilothermic)
body covered in dry and scaly skin
they have 2 pairs of limbs ( fore limbs and hind limbs)
well developed lungs for gaseous exchange
3 chambered hearts except for crocodile and turtles they have 4 chambered hearts
fertilization is internal and development is external
lay eggs in leathery shell
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Poikilothermic
those which cannot maintain their body temperature and depend on the environment
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class: Aves ( birds)
-body covered with feathers
-2 pairs of limbs ( fore limbs that are modified into wings and hind limbs)
- jaws are modified into beak
- very ill developed lungs with air sacks
- well developed 4 chambered hearts
- fertilization is internal and development is external
- lay eggs with brittle shell
- hollow bones
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Class mammalia
body covered in hair or fur
2 pairs of limbs ( fore limbs and hind limbs)
external ears called pinna
they have whiskers
heterodont dentition
all mammals have mammary gland
fertilization is internal and so is development
all mammals were developed in the mothers womb
they give birth to young ones and suckle them with milk
well developed 4 chambered heart for double circulation
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Invertebrates
are animals that do not have a vertebral column
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Most plants are green in color as they
contain a green pigment in their leaves called chlorophyll. This is
stored in chloroplast . Chlorophyll absorbs light for photosynthesis .
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All plant cells are surrounded by a
cell wall made of
cellulose
256
Ferns and flowering plants both have transport systems
Xylem vessels
transport water and ions, phloem vessels transport sucrose and amino acids
257
Ferns
● Strong stems, roots, and leaves
● Ferns grow from a thick underground stem called a rhizome
● Ferns do not produce seeds, they release microscopic pores that are carried by
wind - this is the method ferns use to pollinate
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Flowering plants
● The apical bud is where the stem grows new leaves
● The stem supports the plant and allows for pollination and transport
● They anchor the plant to the ground
● They also absorb water and mineral ions for the plant from the soil
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monocotyledon
one cotyledon, parralel veins, complex vascular bundle, fibrous root system, flower petals in multiples of 3
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dicotyledon
two cotyledon
net like veins
vascular bundle arranged in ring
taproot usually present
floral petals in multiples of 4 or 5
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magnification=
image size/ actual size
262
Movement
an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place.
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Respiration
chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism
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Sensitivity
ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and make appropriate responses
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Nutrition
taking in of materials for energy, growth and development.
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Excretion
removal of metabolic wastes, toxic substances, and substances in excess of requirements from the body.
266
Organisms can be classified into groups by
the features that they share.
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Species
group of organisms that can interbreed among themselves and produce fertile offsprings
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Binomial system
of naming species is an internationally agreed system in which the the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and
species.
269
Classification systems aim to
reflect evolutionary relationships.
270
The sequences of bases in DNA are used as a
means of classification.
271
Groups of organisms that share a more recent ancestor (are more closely related)
have
base sequences in DNA that are more similar than those that share only a
distant ancestor.
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5 kingdoms
animal , plants , fungus, protocist, prokaryote
273
Animal kingdom
Their cells have a nucleus, but no cell walls or chloroplasts.
They feed on organic substances made by other living organisms.
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Plant kingdom
Their cells have a nucleus and cell walls made of cellulose and often contain chloroplasts.
They feed by photosynthesis.
They may have roots, stems, and leaves (but some plants do not have these organs).
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Fungus
They are usually multicellular (many-celled), but some such as yeast are unicellular (single-celled).
They have nuclei and cell walls, but the walls are not made of cellulose.
They do not have chlorophyll.
They feed by digesting waste organic material and absorbing it into their cells.
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Protoctista
They are multicellular or unicellular.
Their cells have a nucleus and may or may not have a cell wall and chloroplasts.
Some feed by photosynthesis and others feed on organic substances made by other organisms.
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Prokaryote
They are usually unicellular (single-celled).
They have no nucleus.
They have cell walls, not made of cellulose.
They have no mitochondria.
They have a circular loop of DNA, which is free in the cytoplasm.
They often have plasmids.
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Vertebrates are animals that
have a backbone:
examples: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
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fish
They are vertebrates with scaly skin.
They have gills throughout their life.
They have fins.
Their eggs have no shells and are laid in water.
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Amphibians
They are vertebrates with skin with no scales.
Their eggs have no shells and are laid in water.
The tadpoles live in water, but adults often live on land.
The tadpoles have gills for gas exchange, but adults have lungs.
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Reptiles
They are vertebrates with scaly skin.
They lay eggs with soft shells on land.
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Birds
They have feathers (and also sometimes a few scales).
They have a beak.
Their front two limbs are wings (though not all birds can fly).
They lay eggs with hard shells.
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Mammals
They have hair on their skin.
Their young develop in a uterus, attached to the mother by a placenta.
The females have mammary glands, which produce milk to feed their young.
They have different kinds of teeth (incisors, canines, premolars and molars).
They have a pinna (ear flap) on the outside of the body.
They have sweat glands in the skin.
They have a diaphragm.
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Arthropods are animals that have
joined legs and no backbone
285
arthropods examples
insects, crustaceans,arachnids, myriapods
286
Insects
They are arthropods with three pairs of jointed legs.
They have two pairs of wings (one or both may be vestigial).
They have one pair of antennae.
Their body is divided into a head, thorax and abdomen.
They breathe through tubes called tracheae.
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Crustaceans
They are arthropods with more than four pairs of jointed legs.
They have two pairs of antennae.
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Arachnids
They are arthropods with four pairs of jointed legs.
They have no antennae.
Their body is divided into two parts – a cephalothorax and abdomen.
289
Myriapods
Their body consists of many similar segments.
Each of their body segments has jointed legs.
They have one pair of antennae.
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Ferns
They are plants with roots, stems and leaves (fronds).
They do not produce flowers.
They reproduce by spores produced on the undersides of their fronds.
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Flowering plants
They are plants with roots, stems and leaves.
They reproduce using flowers and seeds.
Their seeds are produced inside an ovary, in the flower
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Characteristic features of dicots:
They have seeds with two cotyledons.
They usually have a main root with side roots coming out from it.
Their leaves have a network of veins.
They have flower parts (e.g. petals) in multiples of four or five.
They have vascular bundles in the stem, arranged in a ring
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Characteristic features of monocots:
They have seeds with one cotyledon.
Their roots grow out directly from the stem.
Their leaves have parallel veins.
They have flower parts in multiples of three.
They have vascular bundles in the stem, arranged randomly.
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growth
permanent increase in size and dry mass usually caused by an increase in cell size, cell number or both
