1-Classification of Medically Important Parasites Flashcards by Leane Escosia

TRUE/FALSE. Cysts may serve as sites for reorganization and nuclear division.

TRUE

Roberts, L. and Janovy, J. Foundations of Parasitology.6thEd

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Which of the following is INCORRECTLY paired?

a) random:amoeba
b) transverse:flagellates
c) transverse:ciliates
d) longitudinal:kinetisomes

b) transverse:flagellates

The plane of fission of flagellates is LONGITUDINAL/SYMMETROGENIC.

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Unicellular; Contain an organelle for a specific function; Nutrition requires organic materials (holozoic)

protozoans

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Only protozoan with intermediate flagella and blunted pseudopods. This does not form trophozoites and cysts.

Naegleria

Phylum Sarcomastigophora, Subphyla Sarcodina, extra-intestinal

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Protozoans form these for active feeding and reproduction.

Trophozoites

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Two types of multiple fission

1) Schizogony: the nucleus and other organelles divide repeatedly before cytokinesis
2) Sporogony: multiple fission after the union of gametes

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This causes meningoencephalitis.

a) Naegleria
b) Entamoeba
c) Plasmodium
d) Acanthamoeba

a) Naegleria

Phylum Sarcomastigophora, Subphyla Sarcodina, extra-intestinal

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This causes diarrhea.

a) Giardia
b) Trichomonas
c) Entamoeba
d) Acanthamoeba

a) Giardia

Phylum Sarcomastigophora, Subphyla Mastigophora

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slender, whiplike structure arising from the ectoplasm

Flagella

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When environment is not conducive, protozoans form _______.

a) trophozoites
b) xenosomes
c) kineties
d) cysts

d) cysts

This serves as their PROTECTION.

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The following are examples of extraintestinal sarcodina EXCEPT:
A) Naegleria
B) Iodamoeba butschlii
C) Acanthamoeba
D) Entamoeba gingivalis

B) Iodamoeba butschlii

This is an example of intestinal sarcodina.

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The following protozoan functions require a wet environment EXCEPT:

a) feeding
b) locomotion
c) reproduction
d) osmoregulation
e) excretion
f) None of the above

e) excretion

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These protozoans have anterior-posterior axis which allows them to have Longitudinal Asexual Reproduction.

Subphyla Mastigophora

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This causes most of sexually transmitted diseases.

a) Giardia
b) Trichomonas
c) Entamoeba
d) Acanthamoeba

b) Trichomonas

Phylum Sarcomastigophora, Subphyla Mastigophora

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The only Class under Phylum Apicomplexa

Class Sporozoa

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This protozoan exhibits transverse asexual reproduction.

Ciliaphora

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Two subgroups of Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Subphyla Mastigophora and Subphyla Sarcodina

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TRUE/FALSE. Besides Entamoeba escherichia, other entamoeba are commensals in the GI.

TRUE

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Subphyla that has an Organelle of locomotion:Pseudopodia

Subphyla Sarcodina

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Only pathogenic entamoeba thru orofecal contamination.

Entamoeba histolytica

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Only parasite under Phylum Ciliophora.

Balantidium coli

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This protozoan causes malaria.
A) Plasmodium
B) Babesia
C) Toxoplasma
D) Cyclospora
E) Cryptosporidium

A) Plasmodium

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class sporozoa

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Two orders under the class of Cestoda.

Pseudophyllidea and Cyclophyllidea

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These protozoans cause Chagas Disease and African Sleeping Sickness.

a) Giardia
b) Trichomonas
c) Trypanosoma
d) Leishmania

c) Trypanosoma

Phyla Sarcomastigophora, Subphyla Mastigophora

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2 classes of Phylum Platyhelminthes

Cestoda and Trematoda

Spore-forming protozoans

Microspora

3 Major groups of clinically significant parasites

Protozoans, metazoan helminths, arthropods

``` Roundworms have the following characteristics EXCEPT A) Non-metameric B) Bilaterally symmetrical C) Triploblastic and Pseudocoelomate D) Incomplete digestive tract ```

D) incomplete digestive tract

What is the use of the apical complex in sporozoans?

Penetration

3 Phylums of Subkingdom Metazoa Helminths

Annelida, Nemathelminthes, Platyhelminthes

Roundworms belong to what phylum and class?

Phylum Nemathelminthes Class Nematoda

5 Types of Protozoans under the Subphyla Mastigophora

``` Giardia Chilomastix Trichomonas Dientamoeba Trypanosoma Leishmania ```

What sensory organ has unicellular receptors in the lateral tail region and is important for classification?

Phasmids

2 Classes under Phylum Nemathelminthes

Adenophores and Secernentia

This structure is a fluid-filled body cavity in w/c the gut and other organs are suspended.

Coelomate

4 Phylums of the Subkingdom Protozoans

Phylum Sarcomastigophora Phylum Ciliophora Phylum Apicomplexa Phylum Microspora

These are aphasmid nematodes.

Class Adenophorea Subkingdom Metazoa, Phylum Nemathelminthes

3 medically important aphasmids

Trichuris, Trichinella, and Capillaria. Subkingdom Metazoa, Phylum Nemathelminthes, Class Adenophorea

These are segmented platyhelminthes.

Class Cestodas Phylum platyhelminthes

What sensory organ can be found at the anterior end, at base of the lips and is the principal chemosensory organ of nematodes?

amphids

TRUE/FALSE. The male ascaris is longer than the female ascaris and has a hook-like tail used to attach for copulation.

FALSE. Females are longer than males.

TRUE/FALSE. Phylum Annelida are unsegmented.

FALSE They are segmented with repetitive parts.

TRUE/FALSE. Secernentia are both aphasmid and phasmid nematodes.

TRUE

Locomotor organelle: temporary extensions of the cell membrane for locomotion and feeding

Pseudopodia

These protozoans have oral suckers and ventral suckers but NO genital suckers.

Class Trematodas Phylum platyhelminthes

These are unsegmented platyhelminthes.

Class Trematodas Phylum platyhelminthes

Nematodes found in the colon.

Enterobius and Trichuris

This separates the coelom.

Septa

It's flagella can be found on top of its head. a) Giardia b) Trichomonas c) Entamoeba d) Acanthamoeba

b) Trichomonas Phylum Sarcomastigophora, Subphyla Mastigophora

Nematodes found in the extra-intestinal.

Angiostrongylus, Filarial worms, Trichinella

``` The infective stage of flukes is _________ that develops in the ____ intermediate host. A. Metacarcariae; 1st B. Metacarcariae; 2nd C. Carcariae; 1st D. Carcariae; 2nd ```

B. Metacarcariae; 2nd

The infective stage of this trematoda is carcariae.

Schistosomas Phylum platyhelminthes

The Schistosoma is found in veins and belongs to what phylum?

Phylum platyhelminthes

These helminths have incomplete digestive tracts(no anus) and no circulatory system.

Class trematoda Phylum platyhelminthes

These protozoans are dorsolaterally flattened, bilateral symmetry, and hermaphroditic.

Phylum platyhelminthes

This trematoda mimics tuberculosis and found in the lungs.

Paragonimus Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Trematoda

This type of metazoan has no digestive tract.

Class Cestoda Phylum platyhelminthes

Cestoda has an anterior structure called ________ followed by the neck and strobila.

Scolex

These have bilaterally symmetrical, segmented bodies, exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.

Phylum Arthropoda

Multicellular protozoans that contain internal organ systems and are characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.

Metazoan helminths

This exhibits spatulate scolex with sucking grooves(Bothria).

Order Pseudophyllidea Phylum platyhelminthes, Class Cestoda

``` Trematodas require 2 intermediate hosts wherein the 1st one is always a/an ______. A. Clam B. Snail C. Leech D. Squid ```

B. snail

The life cycle of this protozoan is characterized by ALTERNATING sexual and asexual reproduction.

Class Sporozoa

This exhibits globular scolex with 4 muscular suckers and has non-operculated eggs.

order Cyclophyllidea Phylum platyhelminthes, Class Cestoda

TRUE/FALSE. The Pseudophyllidea has more observable shedding or proglottids.

FALSE. This is exhibited by Cyclophyllidea.

These are the only two parasites that belong in the Phylum Platyhelminthes which require TWO intermediate hosts.

Flukes and Pseudophyllidea

TRUE/FALSE. Trematodas have operculated eggs.

TRUE

The class that flatworms and flukes belong to.

Class Trematoda Phylum platyhelminthes

TRUE/FALSE. Pseudophyllidea and Cyclophyllidea require two intermediate hosts: (1)procercoid and (2)pterocercoid larva.

FALSE. cyclophyllidea has only one intermediate host

Examples of P.plathelminthes, C. Cestoda, O. Pseudophyllidea

Diphyllobothrium latum and Spirometra

Examples of P.plathelminthes, C. Cestoda, O.cyclophyllidea

Dipytidium, Echinococcus, Hymenolepis, Raillientina, Taenia

Tapeworms hierarchal classification

Phylum Platyhelminthes | Class Cestoda

``` Which of the following is NOT true? A. Paragonimus: lungs B. Fasciola: liver C. Schistosoma: veins D. None of the Above ```

D. None of the Above

Asexual reproduction is often through: a) budding b) parthogenesis c) binary fission d) binary fusion

c) binary fission Definition: one individual divides into two

``` The hexacanth has how many pairs of hooklets? A) one B) two C) three D) four ```

C) three

cyclophyllidea: hexacanth embryo(oncosphere) then pseudophyllidea: ______________.

Ciliated oncosphere/coracidium

Nematodes found in the small intestine.

Ascaris, Capillaria, Hookworm, and Strongyloides.

What phylum does leeches belong to?

Phylum Annelida

This part of the metazoans is where the eggs are realesed.

Uterine pore. This is absent in Order Cyclophyllidea.

2 orders under the class cestoda

pseudophylidea and cyclophylidea

``` Trichinella spiralis is what type of nematoda? A) intestinal B) extra-intestinal C) cutaneous D) oral-fecal ```

B) extra-intestinal

TRUE/FALSE. All nematodes that are medically and public health importance are hermaphrodite.

FALSE. They are diecious (separate sexes).

Protozoan phylum that has presence of an apical complex.

Apicomplexa

These are infective stages that are relatively resistant to environment changes.

Cysts

``` Infective stage: cyst while vegetative stage: ________ A) coelomates B) trophozoites C) larva D) embryonic eggs ```

B) trophozoites

``` All protozoa fall under what kingdom? A) protista B) fungi C) archaebacteria D) animalia ```

A) protista

Taenia solium belongs to what order of cestoda?

Cyclophillidea

``` Fasciola hepatica belongs to what class of protozoans? A) nematoda B) cestoda C) trematoda D) anthropoda ```

C) trematoda

This apparatus helps the organism penetrate into the target cells.

Apical complex

``` Filarial worms are examples of what type of nematoda? A) intestinal B) extra-intestinal C) cutaneous D) oral-fecal ```

B) extra-intestinal

Tongue worms belong to what classification?

Class pentastomida

``` Enterocytozoon and Encephalitozoon belong to phylum A) sarcomatigophora B) apicomplexa C) microspora D) ciliophora ```

C) microspora

These are the only three aphasmid worms that are medically important.

Trichuris, trichinella and capillaria. Classification: Subkingdom metazoa, Phylum nemathelminthes, Class adenophorea

Centipedes belong to what classification?

Class chilopoda

``` Plasmodium belongs to phylum: A) sarcomatigophora B) apicomplexa C) microspora D) ciliophora ```

B) apicomplexa

``` Most nematodes are found in which organ/s of the body? A) small intestine B) large intestine C) rectum D) A and B only E) all of the above ```

D) A and B only

``` Nematodes usually found in the colon. A) Trichuris and Enterobius B) wuchereria and Brugia C) strongyloides and ascaris D) angiostrongylus ```

A) Trichuris and Enterobius

``` Nematodes found in the eyes and meninges. A) Trichuris and Enterobius B) wuchereria and Brugia C) strongyloides and ascaris D) angiostrongylus ```

D) Angiotrongylus

Millipedes belong to what classification?

Class diplopoda

``` Nematodes usually found in the small intestine. A) Trichuris and Enterobius B) wuchereria and Brugia C) strongyloides and ascaris D) angiostrongylus ```

C) strongyloides and ascaris

These are phasmid nematodes

Secernentia

``` Nematodes usually encysted in the muscles. A) angiostrongylus B) capillaria C) trichinella D) enterobius ```

C) trichinella

Spirometra is What order of cestoda?

Pseudophyllidea

``` Mode of infection of ascaris, trichuris and enterobius. A) ingestion of embryonated eggs B) skin penetration of filariform larvae C) ingestion of infective larvae D) bite ```

A) ingestion of embryonated eggs

True or false. Members of the platyhelminthes are dorso-ventrally flattened with unilateral symmetry.

False. They are bilaterally symmetric.

``` These are leaf-like in appearance and unsegmented. A) nematodes B) cestodes C) trematodes D) anthropods ```

C) trematodes

True or false. Both cestodes and trematodes do not have a Circulatory system.

True

``` Main organ of attachment of worms to the definitive host. A) coelomate B) hexacanth C) scolex D) metacarcariae ```

C) scolex

Near the neck: immature proglottids while distal to the neck: _________

Gravid segments

The pseudophyllidean tapeworms have spatula scolex with sucking grooves called _______.

Bothria

Since cyclophyllidea do not possess uterine pore, it undergoes the process of ________ whereby gravid segments are detached from the main body of the worm and eggs are released.

Apolysis

True or false. In pseudophyllidean infections, both eggs and segments are recovered from the patient.

False cyclophyllidean infections possess this characteristic.

True or false. Adult tapeworms are hermaphroditic.

True

Paeudophyllidean eggs require aquatic development of the embryo called _____.

Coracidium

``` Adult trematodes are provided with an oral sucker and ventral sucker called: A) gonotyl B) acetabulum C) coracidium D) hexacanth ```

B) acetabulum

``` This type of sucker is observed only among heterophyids. A) oral sucker B) ventral sucker C) genital sucker D) dorsal sucker ```

C) genital sucker

``` Considered the region of growth because from it will start segmentation. A) scolex B) neck C) strobila D) proglottids ```

B) neck

``` Adult paragonimus can be found in: A) lung parenchyma B) liver and bile passages C) mesenteric veins D) intestines ```

A) lung parenchyma

``` Fasciola, Clonorchis, and Opisthorchis are a group of flukes that inhabit: A) lung parenchyma B) liver and bile passages C) mesenteric veins D) intestines ```

B) liver and bile passages

``` Fasciolopsis, Echinostoma and Heterophyids inhabit the _________. A) lung parenchyma B) liver and bile passages C) mesenteric veins D) intestines ```

D) intestines

``` Characterized to have segmented and jointed appendages A) nematodes B) cestodes C) trematodes D) arthropods ```

D) arthropods

Diphyllobothrium: adult infection while Spirometra: ___________

Larval infection

The body of the arthropods consists of _______ exoskeleton.

Chinitous

Fly larvae have been isolated from cases of infestation and invasion of human skin called ______.

Myiasis

``` Adult schistosomes are found in: A) lung parenchyma B) liver and bile passages C) mesenteric veins D) intestines ```

C) mesenteric veins

``` Type of nutrition protozoans possess A) mesozoic B) holozoic C) paleozoic D) homozoic ```

B) holozoic