1. Coding, Capacity And Duration AO1

Question 1

Who studied coding

Answer 1

Baddeley

Question 2

What did Baddeley study?

Answer 2

Coding in STM and LTM

Question 3

What did Baddeley study?

Answer 3

4 groups with different words to learn

• Acoustically similar words (cat, bat, hat)
• Acoustically dissimilar words (hug, pit, cow)
• Semantically similar words (large, big, huge)
• Semantically dissimilar words (hot, safe, love)

Question 4

What did Baddeley test?

Answer 4

Immediate recall (STM) and recall after 20 mins (LTM)

Question 5

What did Baddeley find about immediate recall?

Answer 5

Immediate recall was worse with acoustically similar words

Question 6

How is the STM coded?

Answer 6

Acoustically

Question 7

What did Baddeley find about recall after 20 mins?

Answer 7

Recall was worse with semantically similar words

Question 8

How is the LTM coded?

Answer 8

Semantically

Question 9

Explain how acoustic coding works

Answer 9

People remember the sound of the word not the meaning

Question 11

Explain how semantic coding works

Answer 11

People remember the connotation of the word not the sound

Question 12

What did Jacobs study?

Answer 12

Capacity of STM

Question 14

Who studied capacity of STM

Answer 14

Jacobs

Question 15

How did Jacobs test the capacity of STM

Answer 15

By finding a persons digit span

Question 16

Explain how digit span was tested

Answer 16

Researcher reads four digits, increases until participant can’t recall correct order.

Question 17

What did Miller write

Answer 17

The magic number - 7+/-2

Question 18

What did Jacobs find?

Answer 18

-9.3 numbers
-7.3 letters
In correct order - immediately after being told

Question 19

Name a second study of the STM’s capacity

Answer 19

Miller

Question 21

What did Miller study?

Answer 21

Capacity of STM

Question 22

What did Miller observe?

Answer 22

Made observations of everyday practice - notes things come in 7’s - e.g. 7 days of the week

Question 23

What did Miller find about the capacity of STM

Answer 23

The span is about 7 items 7+/-2

Question 24

What can improve a persons span of STM

Answer 24

Chunking

Question 25

What is chunking

Answer 25

Grouping sets of digits/letters into meaningful units

Question 26

What did Peterson and Peterson study?

Answer 26

Duration of STM

Question 27

Who studied the duration of STM

Answer 27

Peterson and Peterson

Question 28

What participants did Peterson and Peterson use?

Answer 28

24 students

Question 29

What was Peterson and Peterson's procedure?

Answer 29

Students were given consonant syllable to remember & 3 digit number - asked them to count backwards in threes

Question 30

Why were participants asked to count backwards in threes?

Answer 30

To displace the three digit number and consonant syllable

Question 31

What is the duration of STM

Answer 31

Very short - less than 18 secs - as long as verbal rehearsal is prevented

Question 32

What did Peterson and Peterson find after 3 seconds?

Answer 32

Students recalled about 80% of syllables correctly with 3 second interval

Question 33

Outline Millers procedure

Answer 33

Experiment consisted of showing participants quick flashes of dots/digits

Question 34

Outline millers conclusions from his research

Answer 34

On average people could recall between 5-9 dots or digits

Question 35

What extra piece of information did Miller find recall?

Answer 35

People recalled 5 words better than 5 letters

Question 36

What did Jacobs say about STM?

Answer 36

STM isn't the same for everyone - digit span increases steadily with age

Question 37

What is suggested about the duration of LTM

Answer 37

Can last a lifetime - figures aren't same after 48 years - people are exposed to new information- displaces old memories

Question 38

What did Bahrick study?

Answer 38

Duration of LTM

Question 39

Who studied the duration of LTM?

Answer 39

Bahrick

Question 40

Outline Bahrick's participants

Answer 40

392 Americans aged between 17-74

Question 41

What did Bahrick test

Answer 41

- Recognition test | - Free recall test

Question 42

Outline Bahrick's recognition test

Answer 42

50 photos from participants' high school yearbook - had to match faces to pictures

Question 43

Outline Bahrick's free recall test

Answer 43

Participants listed names of their graduating class

Question 44

What did Bahrick find?

Answer 44

- After 48 years photo recognition was about 70% accurate in photo recognition - free recall was less accurate

Question 45

What did Peterson and Peterson find after 18 seconds?

Answer 45

Average recall fell to about 3% - longer wait before recall leads to worse recall

Question 46

What do Peterson and Peterson's findings suggest?

Answer 46

Duration of STM without rehearsal is about 18-30 secs long

Question 47

What's the difference between duration in LTM and STM

Answer 47

LTM duration is much longer

Question 48

What was millers aim

Answer 48

To review several studies on memory which tested amount of info we receive process and remember in out immediate memory