1. Core Microbiology Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
What bacterial classification is ‘Staphylococcus aureus’?
A
Gram + cocci
2
Q
What bacterial classification is ‘Heamophilus’?
A
Gram - coccobacilli
3
Q
What bacterial classification is ‘Helicobacter’?
A
Spiral bacteria
4
Q
What bacterial classification is ‘Neisseria meningitidis’?
A
Gram - cocci
5
Q
What bacterial classification is ‘Escherichia coli’?
A
Gram - bacilli
6
Q
What bacterial classification is ‘Clostridium difficile’?
A
Gram + bacilli
7
Q
What bacterial classification is ‘Streptococcus pyogenes’?
A
Gram + cocci
8
Q
What bacterial classification is ‘Brucella’?
A
Gram - coccobacilli
9
Q
What bacterial classification is ‘Neisseria gonorrhoeae’?
A
Gram - cocci
10
Q
What colour stain indicates Gram + bacteria?
A
Blue/Black (purple)
they have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall which retain the stain
11
Q
What colour stain indicates Gram - bacteria?
A
Pink/Red
thinner cell wall, they are counter stained after the gram stain which gives the red colour
12
Q
What bacteria is found in the noses of up to 50% of people?
A
Staphylococcus Aureus
induces an immune response if there is a cut in the skin and it gets into it
13
Q
What is the most common cause of skin/soft tissue infection?
A
Staphylococcus aureus
staphylo = bunch of graps in Greek
14
Q
An opportunistic pathogen found on most peoples skin.
Associated with infections involving intravascular catheters/prosthetic joints/prosthetic cardiac valves.
A
Staphylococcus epidermidis
15
Q
Commonest cause of bacterial sore throat.
A
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
strepto = chain in Greek
16
Q
Commonest cause of bacterial pneumonia & meningitis (except in neonates)
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
17
Q
Commonest cause of bacterial meningitis in neonates (babies under 3 months)
A
Streptococcus agalactiae
18
Q
Streptococcus milleri is associated with what?
A
Abscesses - dental, liver, lung, brain etc.
19
Q
Group of species which inhabit the upper respiratory tract and are a classic cause of acute bacterial endocarditis.
A
Viridans streptococci
20
Q
Gram + bacillus, classic cause of diphtheria.
A
Corynebacterium species
(corynebacterium diphtheriae)
rarely seen in the UK now due to vaccinations
21
Q
Gram + bacillus, associated with acne.
A
Propionibacterium acnes
22
Q
Commonest cause of urinary tract infection (UTI)
A
E. coli
23
Q
Commonest cause of bacteraemia.
A
E. coli
causes a lot of bloodstream infections
24
Q
Multi-resistant gram - bacillus which has a characteristic green pigment.
Can cause respiratory infections, UTI’s
A
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
25
Gram - diplococcus, causes meningococcal sepsis and meningitis.
Neisseria meningitidis
26
Cause of gonorrhoea.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
27
The Clostridium species are anaerobes, what does this mean?
Grow in the absence of oxygen.
28
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB.
| This mycobacterium species is referred to as the 'Acid Fast Bacilli'. Why?
They don't stain with gram stain.
| They require 'Acid Fast' stains.
29
Most common respiratory tract infection.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
30
Most commonest cause of STI.
Chlamydia trachomatis
31
Cause of syphilis.
Treponema pallidum
| Spirochaetes
32
Which of the following can cause meningitis?
```
A] Neisseria meningitidis
B] Streptococcus pneumoniae
C] Listeria monocytogenes
D] Streptococcus agalactiae
E] Haemophilus influenzae
F] Staphylococcus aureus
```
ALL of them
33
Which of the following is the most common sexually transmitted infection?
```
A] Chlamydia trachomatis
B] Treponema pallidum
C] Corynebacterium diphtheriae
D] Staphylococcus aureus
E] Neisseria gonorrhoeae
F] Viridans streptococci
```
A
34
Which of these bacteria is a common cause of skin infection?
```
A] Klebsiella pneumoniae
B] Streptococcus pneumoniae
C] Haemophilus influenzae
D] Neisseria meningitidis
E] Staphylococcus aureus
F] Clostridium difficile
```
E
35
Which of the following are ‘Gram Negative’ bacteria?
```
A] Streptococcus pneumoniae
B] Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C] Escherichia coli
D] Listeria monocytogenes
E] Neisseria gonorrhoeae
F] Mycoplasma pneumoniae
```
C and E
36
What are fungi cell wall made of?
Glucan-chitin (mainly carbohydrates)
37
What are the 3 types of fungal disease?
1. Superficial infection - skin, hair , nails
(dermatophytes, Malassezia, Candida)
2. Subcutaneous infection
3. Systemic infection - organs
(Candida, Aspergillus)
38
Which of these is a Dermatophyte infection of the groin area known as 'Jock itch'?
1. Tinea pedis
2. Tinea unguium
3. Tinea cruris
4. Tinea corporis
5. Tinea capitis
6. Tinea barbae
3. Tinea cruris
More common in men.
Itching, scaling, erythematous (redness).
Cause: T. rubrum
39
Which of these is a general Dermatophyte infection of the torso and limbs known as 'ringworm'?
1. Tinea pedis
2. Tinea unguium
3. Tinea cruris
4. Tinea corporis
5. Tinea capitis
6. Tinea barbae
4. Tinea corporis
| like corpse
40
Which of these is a Dermatophyte infection of shaved skin on the face?
1. Tinea pedis
2. Tinea unguium
3. Tinea cruris
4. Tinea corporis
5. Tinea capitis
6. Tinea barbae
6. Tinea barbae
| like barber
41
Which of these is a Dermatophyte infection of the nails known as 'fungal nail disease'?
1. Tinea pedis
2. Tinea unguium
3. Tinea cruris
4. Tinea corporis
5. Tinea capitis
6. Tinea barbae
2. Tinea unguium
Destruction of the nail starting with white patches on the nail.
5-25% of adults, increasing incidence in elderly.
Causes: Trichophyton rubrum + T. interdigitale
42
Which of these is a Dermatophyte infection of the scalp and hair known as 'scalp ringworm'?
1. Tinea pedis
2. Tinea unguium
3. Tinea cruris
4. Tinea corporis
5. Tinea capitis
6. Tinea barbae
5. Tinea capitis
(like wearing a cap)
most common in prepubescent children
inflammation, scaly patches, alopecia, black dots.
Severity of inflammation depends on whether the fungi is zoophilic (from animals) or anthrophilic (from humans).
43
Which of these is a Dermatophyte infection of the feet known as 'Athletes foot'?
1. Tinea pedis
2. Tinea unguium
3. Tinea cruris
4. Tinea corporis
5. Tinea capitis
6. Tinea barbae
1. Tinea pedis
More common in adult men.
Can affect one or both feet.
Cause: Trichophyton rubrum
44
How is Tinea capitis treated?
Systemic antifungals
e.g.
Griseofulvin
Terbinsfine
Itraconazole
45
Lesions of hyper/hypopigmented skin in the upper trunk, between puberty and middle age.
What is this and how is it treated?
Pityriasis versicolor
A type of Malassezia
(what you had on your neck time ago)
Topical antifungals e.g. clotrimazole
If fails = oral antifungal: fluconazole / intraconazole
46
Large genus of yeasts which can infect almost any organ in the body, associated with thrush.
What species is the most common?
Candida
Candida albicans is most common
47
Inflammation of vaginal epithelium, may extend to labia.
Affects 70-80% of women at least once. Associated with pruritis (itching), burning sensation and discharge.
What is it and how is it treated?
Candida vulvovaginitis
Oral antifungals e.g. fluconazole
48
How are pregnant women with Candida vulvovaginitis treated?
Topical azoles e.g. clotrimazole
DO NOT USE ORAL AZOLES
(e.g. fluconazole)
these increase the risk of tetratologies.
49
Give 4 examples of candida infections.
1. Candidaemia - diagnosed in blood culture
2. Candida oesophagitis - mainly in HIV, diagnosed with endoscopy biopsy
3. Candida endocarditis - vegetation on heart valves (affects IV drug users and valve surgery patients)
4. Renal candidosis - candida in blood gets stuck in kidney tissue during filtration
5. Urinary tract Candida infection - more common in women, diabetics, damaged/abnormal urinary tracts
6. Candida peritonitis - diagnosed with a Candida culture from peritoneal fluid
7. Heptaosplenic candidosis
50
A genus of moulds (filamentous fungi) which produce airborne spores that you are exposed to via inhalation.
Aspergillus
51
What is an Aspergilloma?
A solid ball of fungus which occupies cavities in the body (mainly lung) made by previous TB infections or surgery.
These can be present for a while and not cause an issue UNLESS they break up. Causing haemoptysis and are potentially fatal.
52
An allergic reaction to Aspergillus can cause what?
Asthma
| Cystic fibrosis
53
Fungal pathogen which causes pulmonary or sinus disease?
Aspergillus
54
Dermatophytes are....?
A - Mites that live on the skin
B - Fungi that infect skin hair and nails
C - Fungal pathogens frequently grown in blood culture
D - Bacteria found on the skin
E - Skin lesions giving the appearance of plants
B
55
Candida is.....?
A - Yeasts causing superficial and systemic infection
B - A play by Ibsen
C - Yeasts only causing oral infection
D - Yeasts causing infections that are always treated with fluconazole
E - Moulds causing pulmonary disease
A
56
Aspergillus is....?
A - A mould that always causes of invasive disease
B - A mould that always allergic disease
C - A yeast that causes pulmonary disease
D - A mould that causes pulmonary disease
E - A mould that always causes skin disease
D
Aspergillus can cause invasive and other infections
Aspergillus can cause allergic and other disease
Aspergillus is a mould not a yeast
Aspergillus does mainly cause pulmonary disease
Aspergillus rarely causes skin infection
57
What is the cause of Tinea cruris?
Trichophyton Rubrum / T. Rubrum
58
What is the cause of Tinea pedis?
Trichophyton Rubrum / T. Rubrum
59
What is kerion celsi a complication of?
Tinea capitis
| severe form that is usually animal derived
60
A group of keratinophilic fungi.
Dermatophytes
61
Tinea pedis which affects the entire sole of the foot.
Moccasin foot
62
What does S. Aureus produce to stimulate a host response?
Exoenzymes and toxins
63
Most common cause of UTI and bacteraemia.
E.coli
64
Otitis media can be caused by what bacteria?
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
| also causes pneumonia + meningitis
65
Bacterial cause of meningitis in neonates.
Streptococcus Agalactiae
66
Classic cause of bacterial endocarditis (vegetation).
Viridans Streptococci
67
Classic cause of gas gangrene.
Clostridium Perfringens
68
Which 2 bacterial species do not have a conventional cell wall?
Chlamydia species + Mycoplasma species
69
Most common cause of STI.
Chlamydia Trachomatis
70
Cause of syphilis.
Treponema Pallidum
71
Prokaryotes lack introns and organelles.
| True or False?
TRUE
eukaryotes have both introns in their genes and membrane bound cell organelle.
72
Topical antifungal treatment for dermatophytes?
Clotrimazole
+ Terbinafine (oral + topical versions)
73
How is Tinea Capitis treated?
SYSTEMIC antifungals:
| Griseofulvin OR Terbinafine
74
Pityriasis versicolor is caused by what type of fungi?
| hyper- or hypopigmented lesions on skin
Malassezia (yeast)
75
Cause of oral/vaginal thrush.
Candida Albicans (most common Candida)
76
Very common yeast infection in women that presents with pruritis.
Candida vulvovaginitis (vaginal yeast infection)
77
Antifungal treatment against Candida?
Fluconazole (oral)
78
Antifungal treatment against Candida in pregnant women?
Clotrimazole (topical)
fluconazole and other oral azoles increase the risk of teratologies.
79
Most common Candida?
Candida Albicans
80
How is aspergillus spread?
Inhalation of spores
81
A herpes virus which causes chicken pox.
Varicella zoster virus
| reactivates to cause herpes zoster/shingles
82
80-90% of infectious mononucleosis or 'glandular fever' is caused by what?
Epstein Barr virus
| rest is caused by CMV
83
What does Rhinovirus cause?
common cold
84
Virus that causes bronchiolitis?
Respiratory syncytial virus
85
At what point is HIV classed as AIDS?
1. Increase in viral load
2. Drop in CD4 count
3. Opportunistic infections e.g. cryptococcal meningitis, tuberculosis, pneumocytic pneumonia
86
dsRNA Virus of childhood, affecting everyone with first 3 years of life. Associated with fever, vomiting, watery diarrhoea.
Rotavirus
87
Coxsackie A is associated with pericarditis.
| True or False?
FALSE
Coxsackie A = herpangina (mouth blisters)
Coxsackie B = pericarditis
88
Erythema infectiosum 'Slapped cheek syndrome' is caused by what virus?
Parvovirus B19
89
A virus which can trigger Transient aplastic crisis in patients with hemoglobinopathies?
Parvovirus B19
90
What is a prion?
Small infectious protein pathogen with no nucleic acid
| e.g. nvCJD
91
A spongiform change in brain tissue is associated with what pathogen?
Prion
92
A drug used for the treatment of giardiasis?
Metronidazole
93
The commonest organ affected by a hydatid cyst?
Liver
94
A sexually transmitted parasitic disease?
Trichomoniasis
