Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Pathology > 5. GI Pathology > Flashcards

5. GI Pathology Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The oesophagus is mostly lined by what cell type?

How does this change as you go down the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Changes to Columnar epithelium at the squamo-columnar junction (usually 40cm from the incisor teeth, below the diaphragm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common cause of oesophagitis?

A

Chemical causes:

  1. Ingestion of corrosive substance - accidental/intentional
  2. Reflux of gastric contents - reflux oesophagitis (heartburn)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference between a ‘Sliding hiatus hernia’ and a ‘Paraoesophageal hiatus hernia’?

A

Sliding = part of the stomach slides up into the chest with the oesophagus. Gives reflux symptoms.

Paraoesophageal = part of the stomach herniates through the diaphragm to sit along side the oesophagus. Strangulation of this hernia can occur. (less common, more serious)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus and what is the cause?

What are the risk factors for it?

A

Barrett’s oesophagus = change in mucosal lining from stratified squamous to columnar (same as intestines), this increases your risk of developing an oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

Cause = long standing gastro-oesophageal reflux

Risk factors = Male, Caucasian, Overweight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Barrett’s oesophagus can develop into what?

A

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma

Barrett’s > low grade dysplasia > high grade dysplasia > adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Oesophageal carcinoma is the 8th most common cancer in the world.
What are the 2 main histological sub-types?

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinoma

2. Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The TNM system is a staging system used to classify the extent of spread of a tumour.
What does the T, N, M stand for?

A

pT = how far has the primary Tumour invaded

pN = number of regional lymph Nodes

pM = is there a distant Metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What bacterial infection can cause acute gastritis which develops into chronic gastritis if left untreated?

Where in the stomach is it most commonly found?

A

Helicobacter pylori

Antrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the cellular order in GI starting with mucosa?

A

Mucosa > lamina propria > sub mucosa > muscularis propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gastric adenocarcinoma is the 5th most common cancer in the world.
What are the 2 subtypes?

A
  1. Diffuse type - Linitis plastica
    (poorly differentiated, H pylori NOT important)
  2. Intestinal type
    (well/moderately differentiated, H pylori important)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Coeliac disease is caused by a reaction to …………. which induces IL-15 secretion by epithelial cells that cause CD8+ cells to proliferate and kill enterocytes.

A

Gliadin

alcohol soluble component of gluten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is coeliac disease diagnosed?

A

Serology test followed by a biopsy (gold standard)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the histological features of coeliac disease?

A
  1. Villous atrophy
  2. Increased IELs (intraepithelial lymphocytes)
  3. Crypt elongation
  4. Increased lamina propria inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Type of large bowel diverticula which outpouches through the mucosa and submucosa of the bowel wall.

A

Acquired (‘false/pseudo’) diverticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Type of bowel diverticula composed of ALL layers of the bowel wall e.g. Meckel’s diverticulum.

A

True (‘congenital’) diverticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is the most common site of diverticulosis?

A

Sigmoid colon

sigmoid colon is one of the most muscular parts of the colon so can generate a lot of pressure within the lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is colitis?

A

Inflammation of colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease affecting only the rectum and/or sigmoid colon

A

Ulcerative colitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease presenting with patchy distribution and the formation of a granuloma.

A

Crohn’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where do most cases of ischemic colitis affect?

A

Left colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Most common type of polyp in the colo-rectum, usually have no clinical significance.

A

Hyperplastic polyp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Most common type of polyp in children.

A

Juvenile polyp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What gene mutation causes Peutz-Jeghers syndrome?

A

STK11 gene (Chr 19)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Common type of neoplastic polyp arising from the epithelium.

A

Adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
``` Lynch syndrome (HNPCC) is a form of hereditary colo-rectal cancer syndrome. What is is caused by? ```
Mutation in the DNA mismatch repair genes.
26
Where is the most common distant metastasis site of colorectal cancer?
Liver | followed by lungs
27
Angular Cheilitis is acute/chronic inflammation of the skin at the corners of the mouth. What bacterial infection causes this? How is it treated?
Candida albicans (less so S. Aureus) Treatment = topical antifungals/antibiotics
28
Oral Hairy Leucoplakia are white patches on the lateral tongue with a 'hairy' appearance. What virus causes this?
Epstein Barr virus (also causes glandular fever)`
29
Peritonsillar abscess = unilateral swelling of tonsils | What bacteria causes this?
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus)
30
Acute suppurative parotitis = infection of parotid glands | What bacteria almost always causes this?
Staphylococcus aureus
31
An infection of the submandibular space.
Ludwig's angina
32
A condition involving inflammation of the GI tract that is usually induced by chemotherapy.
Mucositis = inflammation of mucous membranes lining the GI tract
33
Oesophageal rupture is known as what syndrome?
Boerhaave syndrome
34
The enzyme secreted by Helicobacter pylori to neutralise stomach acid and survive.
Bacterial urease
35
Cholangitis = inflammation/blockage of the common bile duct | The classic presentation of this is Charcot's triad, what is this?
1. Fever 2. Abdominal pain 3. Jaundice
36
Infection of the gall bladder itself.
Cholecystitis
37
What bacteria causes Whipple's disease and what are the 4 classical symptoms?
Tropheryma Whipplei 1. Joint pain 2. Chronic diarrhoea 3. Malabsorption 4. Weight loss
38
Where is the most common GI site for Tuberculosis?
Ileocecal
39
Meckel's diverticulum is an out pouching of the small intestine. What is it a remnant of?
Yolk sac
40
What are the different types of gastroenteritis and give an example of a cause for each.
Foodborne gastroenteritis = 1. Staphylococcus aureus 2. Clostridium perfringens 3. Escherichia coli 4. Salmonella spp (gram -) 5. Shigella spp (gram -) 6. Campylobacter spp Non-foodborne gastroenteritis = 1. Salmonella spp (gram -) 2. Campylobacter spp 3. Escherichia coli Viral gastroenteritis = 1. Rotaviruses 2. Noroviruses Waterborne gastroenteritis = 1. Giarda lamblia 2. Vibrio cholerae Antibiotic associated diarrhoea = 1. Clostridium difficile
41
Microorganism commonly associated with chronic gastritis?
Helicobacter pylori
42
Main risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma?
Cirrhosis
43
Condition in which there is increased susceptibility for developing colorectal cancer due to mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes?
Lynch syndrome
44
Inherited disorder of copper metabolism that results in increased urine copper levels?
Wilson's disease
45
Condition in which there are IgA antibodies to tissue transglutaminase (TTG) with villous atrophy of duodenum?
Coeliac disease
46
What type of epithelium lines the normal oesophagus?
Stratified squamous
47
Liver tumour that arises in the bile ducts?
Cholangiocarcinoma
48
Condition that presents with a sudden onset of severe abdominal pain radiating to the back and a raised serum amylase?
Acute pancreatitis
49
Condition in which the squamous mucosa of the oesophagus is replaced by columnar mucosa?
Barrett's oesophagus
50
A glucose polysaccharide that serves as a form of energy storage?
Glycogen
51
An enzyme that can be tested for in blood that helps the diagnosis of Wilson’s disease?
Caeruloplasmin
52
The presence of fatty change associated with inflammation in the liver?
Steatohepatitis
53
In which part of the large bowel are diverticulae most often seen?
Sigmoid
54
The conversion of Glycogen to Glucose in the body is termed as …….?
Glycogenolysis
55
Term for bilateral infection of the submandibular space?
Ludwig's angina
56
What is the most frequent site for colon cancer distant metastasis?
Liver
57
What type of chronic inflammatory bowel disease commonly affects the anus?
Crohn's disease
58
Name the fungus responsible for oral thrush?
Candida
59
Liver enzyme that is commonly elevated in cholestasis?
Alkaline phosphatase
60
A common cause of diarrhoea in infants and young children?
Rotavirus
61
A common pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour that can result in hypoglycaemia?
Insulinoma
62
Most common benign epithelial polyp in the lower GI tract?
Adenoma
63
Sign of chronic liver disease?
Spider naevi
64
Cholecystitis occurs when there is an infection of which anatomical structure?
Gall bladder
65
The clinical effect of hyperbilirubinaemia?
Jaundice

Clinical Pathology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions