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Anatomy Section 6 > 1 - Cow Udder > Flashcards

1 - Cow Udder Flashcards

1
Q

Udder is an:

A

-integumentary system (part of skin)
-enlarged modified sweat glands

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2
Q

Udder development:

A

-start as buds that grow into ectodermal ridges
-bilateral: pairs
-supernumerary buds regress (usually)

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3
Q

Location of udder varies by species:

A

-carnivores, pigs: thoracic to inguinal
-primates: thoracic
-ruminants, horses: inguinal

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4
Q

Development of udder early in fetus:

A

-minimal
-mammary buds at 75days gestation
-ducts start forming around 100 days gestation

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5
Q

Development of udder at birth:

A

-teats well developed
-rudimentary duct
-canalized secondary ducts
*secretory system NOT developed

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6
Q

Development of udder from birth to puberty:

A

-increase weight and capacity
>increased connective tissue and fat deposition
>continued ductal growth and development

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7
Q

What is the increase in size of the udder between birth and weaning (60-90 days old)?

A

-60% increase
-significantly influenced by nutrition
*critical period for future production
-more growth early=more production later

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8
Q

Enhanced diet and udder development:

A

-more udder parenchyma and glands
>ducts already starting to form alveoli

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9
Q

Development of udder at gestation:

A

-marked increase in growth

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10
Q

Development of udder in early gestation:

A

-early ductal growth and development

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11
Q

Development of udder mid gestation:

A

-cistern growth: 5-6 months
-gland proliferation: 5-7 months
-secretory tissue replaces adipose tissue

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12
Q

Development of udder late gestation (6-9months):

A

-secretory tissue, vascular and lymphatic proliferation
-secretory activity starts ~9months
*process repeats each gestation

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13
Q

Udder is a term used to:

A

-refer to all of the mammae in ruminants and horses

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14
Q

‘order of an udder’ starting with lobule going to skin:

A

-lobule (with 100-200 alveoli)
-intra and inter lobular ducts
-lactiferous ducts
-lactiferous sinus
-gland sinus
-teat cistern
-papillary duct (teat canal)
-teat sphincter
-teat orifice
-parenchyma
-skin

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15
Q

Mammae consists of:

A

-a body
-a teat

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16
Q

What is the official name of a teat?

A

-mammary papilla

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17
Q

What is another name for accessory teats?

A

-supernumerary

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18
Q

How many mammary glands (ducts) are in each body of a mammae? Ruminants, horses, cats+dogs:

A

-ruminants: 1
-horses: 2
-cats+dogs: 4-12

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19
Q

Horse udder:

A

-2 systems
>cranial and caudal lactiferous sinus out of one teat (2 teat canals)
*L+R are separate

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20
Q

Bovine udder:

A

-fore and hind quarters are separate
>1 duct system per quarter

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21
Q

Bovine teat:

A

-skin: hairless and glandless
-middle fibro-muscular with cavernous sinus
-inner mucosa: 2 layers of cuboidal cells

22
Q

Teat canal is official known as a:

A

-papillary duct
*important for preventing pathogens from entering

23
Q

Papillary duct (teat canal) stratified squamous epithelium:

A

-sheds often so that pathogens have a difficult time ‘implanting’ and colonizing
-FAs to prevent bacteria from colonizing

24
Q

What forms the papillary or teat sphincter? (absent in sheep)

A

-smooth muscle fibers surrounding the papillary duct

25
Q

Furstenberg’s rosette:

A

-longitudinal folds of papillary duct mucosa that bulge into the teat sinus
*lymphatic tissue with immune cells to prevent pathogens from spreading

26
Q

What is the boundary between the glandular and teat parts of the lactiferous sinus?

A

-an annular fold of mucosa

27
Q

Furstenberg’s venous circle:

A

-submucosal venous ring
-present within the annular fold of mucus

28
Q

Milk is modified:

A

-sweat

29
Q

How many L of blood flow are required per L of milk?

A

-500L
*blood and lymph vasculature are extensive

30
Q

What are the 2 major lymph nodes of the mammary system?

A

-prefemoral/precrural LN (cranially): udder plus surrounding area
-supramammary LN (caudally): only drains udder

31
Q

What might cause enlargement of the supramammary lymph node?

A

-infection in the udder (ex. mastitis)
>can sometimes fell the lymph node swell before the milk content has changed

32
Q

What direction does lymph vessels of the udder run?

A

-caudodorsal

33
Q

What are the veins of the udder?

A

-external pudendal vein
-internal pudendal vein
-perineal vein
-superficial abdominal ‘milk’ vein

34
Q

What direction do superficial udder veins run?

A

-craniodorsally

35
Q

Milk vein development:

A

-vascular ring at base of udder
-anastomoses
-incompetent valves

36
Q

How are the milk veins formed?

A

-anastomosis of the cranial and caudal superficial epigastric veins

37
Q

What makes up a complete venous ring?

A

-R and L ventral labial veins joined caudally
-R and L caudal superficial epigastric veins joined cranially

38
Q

Milk veins are officially known as:

A

-subcutaneous abdominal vein
*L and R

39
Q

What vein do both the R and L milk veins join with?

A

-cranial epigastric vein
>enters thorax and becomes internal thoracic after receiving the musculophrenic vein

40
Q

Why can’t you use the milk vein for an IV?

A

-contamination
-huge hematoma or bleed out
-scaring=’block’ flow

41
Q

What is the innervation of the udder?

A

-genito-femoral (L3-L4)
-pudendal (S2-S3)

42
Q

Genito-femoral nerve innervates:

A

-bulk of glands and teats
>somatic and autonomic

43
Q

Pudendal nerve innervates:

A

-caudal surface
>superficial sensation

44
Q

Milk well:

A

-the opening in the abdominal wall where each milk vein passes through

45
Q

What is the location of the milk well?

A

-2nd tendinous intersection of the rectus abdominis ventral TO the 7th-9th intercostal spaces

46
Q

Suspensory apparatus of the udder consists of:

A

-medial suspensory laminae
-lateral suspensory laminae

47
Q

Medial suspensory laminae:

A

-elastic
-L and R=medial suspensory ligament
-separates the R and L halves

48
Q

What gives rise to the medial suspensory laminae?

A

-tunica flava abdominis

49
Q

Tunica flava abdominis is:

A

-an elastic fascial sheet in ungulates
-covers ventral aspects of external abdominal oblique muscles and aponeurotic insertions

50
Q

Lateral suspensory lamina is from:

A

-lamina femoralis

51
Q

Lamina femoralis:

A

-an aponeurotic extension of the lateral curs of the superficial inguinal ring

Anatomy Section 6 (18 decks)

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