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NUTR 337 > 1 - DRIs > Flashcards

1 - DRIs Flashcards

1
Q

expand RDA by current and past definitions. when were RDAs first published?

A

current: Recommended Dietary Allowances
past: Recommended Daily Allowances
published: 1941

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2
Q

expand RNI. when first published?

A

Recommended Nutrient Intakes

published: 1938

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3
Q

why did the D change from daily to dietary in RDA?

A

daily is a misnomer bc in reality, your body can use stores of nutrients. the specified amount is averaged out over days/months.

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4
Q

what largely determines a vitamin’s turnover rate in the body?

A

water/fat solubility

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5
Q

when were RNIs, safe levels of intake, and RDAs last reviewed?

A

RNI: 1990
Safe Level of Intake: 1985
RDA: 1995

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6
Q

why are upper reference levels made?

A

came about as a result of toxicity associated with recent fortification/supplementation

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7
Q

How many nutrient-based references are there for DRIs? what are they?

A

four: EAR, RDA, AI, UL

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8
Q

what is EAR?

A

Estimated Average requirement (from which RDA is determined)

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9
Q

what is RDA?

A

recommended Dietary allowance, which replaces the former RDA and RNI

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10
Q

what is AI?

A

Adequate Intake (alternative reference when EAR and consequently RDA are not available)

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11
Q

what is UL?

A

Tolerable Upper Intake Level

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12
Q

True or false: a nutrient without an EAR has an RDA

A

false

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13
Q

what percentage of people will receive sufficient nutrition by consuming an EAR?

A

50%

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14
Q

what percentage of people will receive sufficient nutrition by consuming an RDA?

A

97.5%

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15
Q

how is an RDA determined?

A

2 standard deviations above an EAR

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16
Q

true or false: not all nutrients have an RDA

A

true

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17
Q

RDAs are determined on experimentation on a (compromised/healthy) population

A

healthy - RDAs are usually deficient for sick people

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18
Q

RDAs are based on estimation of a minimal requirement to achieve some ______ _____

A

measurable outcome

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19
Q

what are some limitations of RDAs?

A

since it’s based on young/healthy ppl, it poses risk to elderly which have different needs

extrapolation downward for childhood is also a limitation, potentially becoming deficient due to their growth needs

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20
Q

what is a balance study?

A

finds point of input that leads equal output

21
Q

what kind of studies to RDAs consider in addition to healthy people?

A
  • deficiency states
  • balance studies
  • animal research
22
Q

what must an RDA account for?

A
  • individual variability in a population
  • bioavailability
  • sex and age differences
  • physiological state
23
Q

what’s coefficient of variation?

A

CV = sd/mean

24
Q

what is a limitation of Canada’s RDAs regarding bioavailability?

A

they are based on the fact that animal proteins are a normal part of the diet. it does not account well for vegetarian diets. on this bases, the values of absorption need to be much higher for vegetarians or vegans, esp because of phytates, tannins, & oxalates which are more prevalent here.

25
Q

growth tends to (increase/decrease) nutrient requirements

A

increase

26
Q

what are 2 examples of different physiological states that affect efficacy of RDAs?

A

pregnancy, lactation

27
Q

when are EARs suitable to use?

A

intakes for GROUPS

28
Q

EARs are based on the intake _____ of the group and not the _____ intake

A

based on intake distribution

not average intake

29
Q

How do you set an RDA when the SD of EAR is available?

A

RDA = EAR + 2SD

30
Q

how do yous et an RDA when the SD of EAR is not available?

A 
assume CV = 10%
calculate SD using the CV  formula using EAR as mean, so:
CV = SD/EAR. rearrange to:
SD = EAR x CV
then:
RDA = EAR + 2SD
31
Q

when are RDAs suitable to use?

A

as reference points for INDIVIDUALS

32
Q

what do RDAs allow an estimate of?

A

probably risk of deficiency for an individual when diet is assessed over time

33
Q

at what percentage of the RDA is an individual considered to be at high risk for deficiency and in need for an intervention?

A

66%

34
Q

what kind of diets are intended for RDAs?

A

one with a variety of foods

35
Q

true or false: prevention of chronic disease is being considered as part of the RDA development

A

true (like folate)

36
Q

what are RDAs NOT designed to do?

A
  • overcome nutrient deficiencies

- recover from illness

37
Q

how do you estimate target mean intakes using EAR values?

A

EAR/(1-[2 x CVintake])

38
Q

expand DRI

A

Dietary Reference Intakes

39
Q

how are DRIs different from former RDAs and RNIs?

A

1) reduction in risk of chronic degenerative disease in included
2) concepts of probability/risk explicitly underpin the determination of the DRIs, and applications
3) upper levels of intake are established
4) food components that may not meet the traditional concept of a nutrient are considered

40
Q

name some examples of nontraditional food component that aren’t really nutrients but are still important

A
  • polyphenols

- carotenoids w/o vit A activity (zeaxanthin and leutin)

41
Q

when are AIs used?

A

when an EAR cannot be calculated

42
Q

true or false: intakes below the UL are unlikely to pose risks of adverse health effects in healthy people

A

true

43
Q

what are DRIs?

A

refers to a set of reference values used to plan diets of healthy ppl. includes RDA, AI, and UL,

44
Q

what are AIs based on?

A
  • observed or experimentally determined approximations
  • estimates of nutrient intake by groups (or groups) of healthy people that are assumed to be adequate
  • used when RDA cannot be determined
45
Q

how likely is a diet to be adequate if intake > AI?

A

almost certainly adequate

46
Q

how likely is a diet to be inadequate if intake < AI?

A

no quantitative/qualitative estimate can be made of the probability of nutrient adequacy bc the point where risk increases cannot be determined

47
Q

true or false: consuming ULs is likely to pose risk of adverse health effects for almost all individuals in the general population

A

false

48
Q

what influences the gap between the RDA and UL?

A

the individual nutrient and life stage. elderly folks have a wider gap (can tolerate greater levels beyond the RDA)

NUTR 337 (12 decks)

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