1. Energy & Energy Transformations

Question 1

definition of law of thermodynamics

Answer 1

all matter , all energy are subjects of thermodynamics

Question 2

law of thermodynamics helps us understand…

Answer 2

how cells use energy by harvesting from large molecules to make their own to sustain life

Question 3

what is the first law of thermodynamics and what is the BUT…

Answer 3

that in any chemical transformation energy is neither created nor destroyed BUT it can be transformed from one type to another

Question 4

energy is defined as…

Answer 4

the capacity to do work/ movement

Question 5

the 2 forms of energy is…

Answer 5

potential and kinetic energy

Question 6

potential energy is…

Answer 6

stored energy in chemical bonds, sugar molecules, or carbon carbon bonds

Question 7

“___” kinetic energy and its definition

Answer 7

“harvesting” , movement of substances, parts of molecules, etc.

Question 8

an ex of potential to kinetic energy is a ___ , explain…

Answer 8

frog, first position of the frog is potential energy stored in the frog’s muscles so energy isn’t being used then frog jumps then potential every is converted to kinetic energy (movement)

Question 9

metabolism definiton

Answer 9

sum total of all chemical reactions that happens inside living things

Question 10

what do metabolic reactions do? (give an ex) this means metabolism reactions require what?

Answer 10

it transforms matter from one form to another,, an example of this would be either adding positive functional group or adding a negative functional group,, this means metabolism reactions require energy changes

Question 11

are there different types of metabolism? if so how many & what are they called?

Answer 11

yes! 2! anabolic and catabolic

Question 12

definition of anabolic reactions and give an example

Answer 12

simple molecules to complex molecules [small to larger] an ex would be small/simple molecules like amino acids go through anabolism are built together to into a complex/large molecule called proteins

Question 13

definition of catabolic reactions & give an example

Answer 13

large/complex molecules break down into simple/small molecules an example of this would be proteins broken down into amino acids

Question 14

energy is ____ in anabolic reactions

Answer 14

required

Question 15

energy is ____ in catabolic reactions

Answer 15

released

Question 16

when catabolic reactions occur what happens? & what does that energy do?

Answer 16

energy is released & that energy is used to drive anabolic reactions to do biological work

Question 17

anabolism ____ happen without catabolism

Answer 17

cannot

Question 18

what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics ( usually in the form of ____ or ____ )

Answer 18

even though energy is the same some of the energy is lost due to disorder (heat or light)

Question 19

2nd law of thermodynamics energy is ____ 100% efficient because energy is ____ meaning living organisms have to do what?

Answer 19

not , lost , must have a constant intake of energy to replenish the energy that is lost to sustain life

Question 20

entropy (s) means… (so a living thing tends to be ___ & ___ on the other hand non living things are ___ & ____)

Answer 20

disorder in a system characteristic in the universe (large & complex / small & simple)

Question 21

REPEAT THIS IT IS A NOTECARD ….
EXPLAIN!!!
apply the second law of thermodynamics to biological systems…

Answer 21

in a chemical transformation some energy is transformed to unsafe energy so only some of that energy can be used to do cellular work meaning there needs to be a constant intake of energy for the living things to continue living

Question 22

___ energy is applied to the system it will become ___

Answer 22

unless , disorder

Question 23

enthalpy (H) means what in biological systems?

Answer 23

the total energy contained in the system

Question 24

free energy (G) means what in biological systems?

Answer 24

the USABLE energy in the system

Question 25

entropy (S) depends on what?

Answer 25

the absolute temperature of the system

Question 26

what does entropy (S) mean in a biological system?

Answer 26

the UNUSABLE energy

Question 27

what does H=G + TS mean?

Answer 27

total energy + usable energy + UNUSABLE energy(temp)

Question 28

*triangle*G stands for? which means?

Answer 28

delta, change

Question 29

if *triangle*G is negative or released it means energy was ....

Answer 29

lost/released

Question 30

if *triangle*G is positive that chemical reaction requires... for the chemical reaction to...

Answer 30

an input of energy in order for it to occur

Question 31

so if free energy is not available that means the reaction...

Answer 31

can not occur

Question 32

exergonic means?

Answer 32

energy is being RELEASED outside of the system

Question 33

*triangle*G is ____ in an exergonic reaction

Answer 33

negative

Question 34

in an exergonic reaction complexity ___ so disorder is being ___

Answer 34

decreases , generated

Question 35

so exergonic reactions are ____ reactions

Answer 35

catabolic

Question 36

endergonic reactions require ___ meaning *triangle*G is ___

Answer 36

energy, positive

Question 37

exergonic reactions have ___ energy in the ___ & ___ energy in the ___

Answer 37

high = reactants & low = products

Question 38

endergonic reactions have ___ energy in ___ & ___ energy in the ___

Answer 38

low = reactants & high = products

Question 39

endergonic reactions require ___ ___ to create more energy in products than in the ___

Answer 39

outside energy , reactants

Question 40

REPEAT THIS IS A NOTECARD!!! differentiate between exergonic & endergonic reactions.

Answer 40

endergonic reactions require energy input as for exergonic reactions release energy

Question 41

___ captures and transfers free energy(G)

Answer 41

ATP

Question 42

ATP stands for

Answer 42

adenosine triphosphate

Question 43

ATP is great at.... (so this makes it a "___" between endergonic and exergonic reactions)

Answer 43

capturing energy from exergonic reactions, storing it, and transferring the energy to other chemical transformations that need it (bridge)

Question 44

ATP can be ____ to ____ & _, releasing a lot of ___ for ___ reactions

Answer 44

hydrolyzed, ADP & P, energy for endergonic

Question 45

ATP can ALSO _____ (donating/ transferring a ___ group) to other molecules.

Answer 45

phosphorylate (phosphate)

Question 46

what does hydrolysis mean?

Answer 46

one of the phosphates is being broke off to release a lot of energy that can be used for endergonic reactions

Question 47

how ATP releases energy is by being ___ through ___

Answer 47

hydrolyzed through hydrolysis

Question 48

but ATP can also be ____ that phosphate group

Answer 48

donate/transfer

Question 49

remember ATP is a ___ which is ?

Answer 49

nucleotide , a pentose SUGAR, NITROGEN (adenine) BASE & a PHOSPHATE GROUP

Question 50

WRITE THIS DOWN IT IS A NOTECARD REPEAT explain the characteristics of ATP that account for the high free energy released during its hydrolysis (FUN FACT: this process happens ___ cycles every day)

Answer 50

it takes a lot of energy to bond the phosphate group with oxygen so when phosphate group is broken off so much energy is being released meaning the free energy in the phosphate-oxygen bond is much higher than the oxygen-hydrogen bond (when phosphate breaks off) that forms other bonds (10,000)