2. Enzymes

Question 1

metabolic pathways are so ___ that we use ___ ___ to analyze these metabolic pathways

Answer 1

complex, computer algorithms

Question 2

___ ___ is the study of complex systems [in this case metabolisms]

Answer 2

systems biology

Question 3

___ help organize & regulate these metabolic pathways

Answer 3

enzymes

Question 4

enzymes are ___ made of ___ ___ that act like a ___/___ in which chemical reactions can occur

Answer 4

catalyst, amino acids , framework/area

Question 5

catalyst ___/___ rates of chemical reactions/ transformation

Answer 5

increase/ speed up

Question 6

the enzymes (catalyst) does? or does not? change.

Answer 6

DOES NOT

Question 7

why do we need chemical reactions to speed up?

Answer 7

a lot of reactions are SLOW

Question 8

the energy of movement or input of energy is called? include symbol

Answer 8

activation energy (Ea)

Question 9

activation energy puts reactants (things coming into the enzyme) into what is called?

Answer 9

transition state

Question 10

the transition state is ___ ___ so in a ____ state

Answer 10

highly reactive , unstable

Question 11

exergonic ___ energy so ____ energy in products than in reactants so this energy released would be captured by a ____ reaction

Answer 11

releases, less/low, endergonic

Question 12

activation energy changes the reactants to an ___ , ___ energy form because energy has been added to it called a ___ ___ ___

Answer 12

unstable / high , transition state intermediate

Question 13

activation energy can come from ___ ___ & ___ ___ ___/___ there by ___ activation energy

Answer 13

increase temperatures & bring reactants , closer/together , lowering

Question 14

enzymes are __ so they are ___ of ___ ____ that have a ___. ___ ____ which is ____ ____ + ____ _____ ____ then R groups that interact with ____ ___

Answer 14

proteins , chains, amino acids , backbone.
primary sequence , alpha helix, beat pleated sheets, one another

Question 15

____ are whatever that bind to the enzymes & are involved in chemical reactions [they are reactant]

Answer 15

substrates

Question 16

enzyme & substrate will come together & the substrate will fit into the enzymes “nook”, which is called?

Answer 16

active site

Question 17

the ___ ___ is where the chemical reaction will occur

Answer 17

active site

Question 18

once the chemical reaction is complete is release the ___ so it is broken apart so it would be anabolism or catabolism?

Answer 18

products , catabolism

Question 19

enzymes are highly ___

Answer 19

specific

Question 20

when the enzyme & substrate are bound it is called ___-____ ____ (_____)

Answer 20

enzymes - substrates complex (ES)

Question 21

the substrates is held into the active site of the enzyme by ____ , ____ , _____ (3)

Answer 21

hydrogen bonds, electrical attraction, covalent bonds

Question 22

enzymes ____ the activation energy

Answer 22

lower

Question 23

even though a catalyst is put into a reaction the final equilibrium are delta G does changes… true or false (explain)

Answer 23

False , the reaction just happens faster

Question 24

REVIEW THIS IT IS A NOTECARD!!!
GIVE EXAMPLES OF MECHANISMS FOR ENZYME CATALYSIS (ALL THESE MECHANISMS WILL LOWER WHAT? AND THEYBY DOING WHAT?) [3]

Answer 24

orientation: the enzyme bind 2 molecules in the right orientation to speed up the chemical reaction
physical strain: the bending of the molecule can change the shape of the molecule
temporarily adding chemical groups: substrate would come into the active site of the enzyme with a chemical group added to it (+) or (-) lower activation energy/speed up chemical reaction

Question 25

the shape changing of the enzyme when substrate is bound is called

Answer 25

induced fit

Question 26

the rate of which a chemical reaction occurs/depends on?

Answer 26

substrate concentration

Question 27

the concentration of a enzyme inside a cell is much ___ than substrate concentration which means? and what is it called?

Answer 27

lower , all enzymes are already working fast , saturation

Question 28

us(living things) rely on homeostasis so thing need to be kept stable in order for what?

Answer 28

life to continue

Question 29

metabolic pathways need to be ___ meaning they need to be?

Answer 29

regulated . turned off or on

Question 30

IMPORTANT So metabolic pathways are regulated can be controlled in how many ways? and why are they called?

Answer 30

2 ways 1st way is regulation of gene expression...so DNA to mRNA to proteins this increases DNA into mRNA to build more enzymes or turn off DNA so not much enzymes are reproduced 2nd way is regulation of enzyme activity... so once enzymes are built you can change the shape of it, block the active site with regulators

Question 31

enzyme inhibitors bind to enzymes to ___ ___ the reaction rate sort of like "____ ____"

Answer 31

slow down , "turning off"

Question 32

NOTECARD SO REPEAT THIS DISTINGUISH BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF INHIBITORS (1 EXAMPLE)

Answer 32

1st is irreversible inhibition: this cannot be reversed... a inhibitor would covalently bond to the R groups or side chains of amino acids in the active site

Question 33

NOTECARD SO REPEAT THIS DISTINGUISH BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF INHIBITORS (2 EXAMPLE) how many types? list if any

Answer 33

Reversible inhibitors: some sort of bond between inhibitor and active site of the enzyme but can then leave so not covalently bonded (non covalent bonds) - there are 3 types they are competitive, uncompetitive, and non competitive competitive inhibitor: if competitive inhibitor is introduced it will bind to the active cite but this won't affect the enzyme so its basically like a plug blocking the active site of the enzyme so nothing else come sent so the competitive inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site uncompetitive inhibitor: normal substrate in active site but uncompetitive inhibitor binds to enzyme nearby blocking the released products and blocking entry for new chemicals acts like a "cap on something" non competitive inhibitors: bind to a site different from active site so it will change the shape of active site/enzyme so the chemical reaction cannot occur

Question 34

what is allosteric regulation? NOTECARD

Answer 34

is a non competitive inhibitor where the shape of the enzyme is changed because it binds to a non substrate molecule

Question 35

changed enzyme means....NOTECARD

Answer 35

changed function

Question 36

are there forms of allosteric regulation if so how many and what are they called & do? NOTECARD

Answer 36

2, active & inactive active form: will allow it to bind to a substrate inactive form: cannot bind substrate this is a on and off switch

Question 37

1st step in metabolic pathways is called?

Answer 37

commitment step

Question 38

NOTECARD 3RD TYPE OF INHIBITOR

Answer 38

feedback inhibition: the final product of a metabolic pathway works as an inhibitor for an enzyme at the early step of the pathway

Question 39

what is feedback inhibition

Answer 39

the final product of one of the long pathways works as in inhibitor for its enzyme at the early step of the pathway

Question 40

every enzyme has a specific ____ too hot results in? too cold results in?

Answer 40

temperature can't do anything molecules are so slow

Question 41

what effects how fast enzymes work? & explain

Answer 41

the amount of substrate because if there is more stuff for the enzyme to work on it will happen faster BUT put a point... after that the enzyme gets SATURATED and can't go any faster

Question 42

REGULATION BY TEMPERATURE enzymes work best at the ____ temperature if its too hot ... & if its too cold..

Answer 42

it works best at the RIGHT temperature if its too hot it denatures :( & if it is too cold it slows down and become sluggish