1. Energy systems

Question 1

What is energy?

Answer 1

The ability to perform work.

Question 2

What is chemical energy?

Answer 2

Energy from food.

Question 3

What is kinetic energy?

Answer 3

Movement energy.

Question 4

What is potential energy?

Answer 4

Stored energy.

Question 5

What is the formula for work?

Answer 5

Work = Force x distance (joules).

Question 6

What is power?

Answer 6

Work performed over a unit of time (watts).

Question 7

What do proteins break down into?

Answer 7

Amino acids

Low intensity energy source.

Question 8

What do fats consist of?

Answer 8

Lipids and 3 fatty acids

Low intensity energy source.

Question 9

What do carbohydrates break down into?

Answer 9

Glucose

(ATP -PC) (Lactic Acid).

Question 10

What is PC associated with?

Answer 10

Maximum intensity

Energy source.

Question 11

What type of system is the ATP-PC system?

Answer 11

Anaerobic

Question 12

What is the duration of the ATP-PC system?

Answer 12

Short duration, 8 - 10 sec

Question 13

What is the maximum intensity of the ATP-PC system?

Answer 13

90 - 100%

Question 14

How long does it take to replenish PC stores back to 98%?

Answer 14

3 min

Question 15

How quickly does the ATP-PC system generate ATP?

Answer 15

Generates ATP quickly but has limited supply

Question 16

What is the yield of the ATP-PC system?

Answer 16

1 mol of ATP per 1 mol PCr

Question 17

What is an advantage of the ATP-PC system?

Answer 17

Rapid replenishment

Question 18

What is another advantage of the ATP-PC system?

Answer 18

Readily accessible

Question 19

What is a disadvantage of the ATP-PC system?

Answer 19

Only lasts around 10 seconds

Question 20

What is another disadvantage of the ATP-PC system?

Answer 20

Body has to rely on other energy systems once the PC is depleted

Question 21

Does the ATP-PC system require oxygen?

Answer 21

Doesn’t require oxygen

Question 22

Does the ATP-PC system produce lactic acid?

Answer 22

Doesn’t produce lactic acid

Question 23

What is the ATP - PC system?

Answer 23

It is a system that donates phosphate to ADP to regenerate ATP.

Question 24

What triggers the ATP - PC system?

Answer 24

High levels of ADP are detected by creatine kinase.

Question 25

What happens to phosphocreatine (PC) in the ATP - PC system?

Answer 25

PC is broken down to phosphate (P) and creatine (C), releasing energy for ADP.

Question 26

What is the main function of the ATP - PC system?

Answer 26

To provide energy for ADP to combine with the extra phosphate released.

Question 27

What is anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 27

A metabolic process that breaks down glucose and glycogen without oxygen.

Question 28

What is the intensity level for anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 28

High intensity = 80-90%.

Question 29

What is the duration of anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 29

Medium duration, 2-3 minutes (peaking at 1 minute).

Question 30

What is produced during anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 30

Lactic acid.

Question 31

What is an advantage of anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 31

Energy yield is doubled (1:2).

Question 32

What is another advantage of anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 32

No oxygen needed.

Question 33

How long can anaerobic glycolysis last?

Answer 33

Can last up to 3 minutes (peaks at 1 minute).

Question 34

What is a disadvantage of anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 34

Peaks at 1 minute but can't be sustained due to production of hydrogen ions.

Question 35

How do hydrogen ions affect anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 35

They reduce enzyme activity, leading to higher blood acidity and lower pH, which denatures enzymes.

Question 36

What is anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 36

A metabolic process that occurs without oxygen.

Question 37

What is PFK?

Answer 37

Phosphofructokinase, an important enzyme in glycolysis.

Question 38

What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 38

Lactic acid (or lactate).

Question 39

What does glycogen convert to in anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 39

Glycogen converts to glucose.

Question 40

What are the byproducts of anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 40

Lactate and H+ ions.

Question 41

What is the role of adenosine in anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 41

Adenosine is involved in energy transfer, converting phosphates back to ADP to make ATP.

Question 42

What is the intensity range for the aerobic system?

Answer 42

Low intensity = 60-80%

Question 43

What is the duration requirement for the aerobic system?

Answer 43

High duration; over 5 minutes

Question 44

What is required for ATP generation in the aerobic system?

Answer 44

Can only generate ATP in the presence of oxygen

Question 45

Where does the aerobic system occur?

Answer 45

Occurs in mitochondria

Question 46

What is the main advantage of the aerobic system?

Answer 46

Produces most ATP out of systems (36)

Question 47

What is another advantage of the aerobic system?

Answer 47

No fatiguing by-products

Question 48

What type of distance is the aerobic system suited for?

Answer 48

Long distance

Question 49

What does the aerobic system utilize?

Answer 49

Uses more than one energy substrate

Question 50

What is a disadvantage of the aerobic system?

Answer 50

Very slow and complicated

Question 51

What does the aerobic system require in large amounts?

Answer 51

Need lots of oxygen

Question 52

What is a challenge related to fatty acid transportation in the aerobic system?

Answer 52

Fatty acid transportation to muscles is slow

Question 53

What is the aerobic system?

Answer 53

The aerobic system is a metabolic pathway that uses oxygen to produce energy.

Question 54

What is glycolysis?

Answer 54

Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose to produce pyruvic acid.

Question 55

What is produced from glycogen?

Answer 55

Glycogen is converted to glucose.

Question 56

What is pyruvic acid?

Answer 56

Pyruvic acid is a key intermediate in several metabolic pathways.

Question 57

What are the products of the aerobic system?

Answer 57

The products include ATP, CO2, and H2O.

Question 58

Where does the aerobic system occur?

Answer 58

The aerobic system occurs in the mitochondria.

Question 59

What is the Krebs cycle?

Answer 59

The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that produce ATP and electron carriers.

Question 60

How much ATP is produced in the Krebs cycle?

Answer 60

The Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP.

Question 61

What is the electron transport chain?

Answer 61

The electron transport chain is a series of complexes that transfer electrons and produce ATP.

Question 62

How much ATP is produced in the electron transport chain?

Answer 62

The electron transport chain produces 34 ATP.

Question 63

What is the Energy Continuum?

Answer 63

A framework where all systems are active-interchanging.

Question 64

What determines the occurrence in the Energy continuum?

Answer 64

It occurs based on the predominant system.

Question 65

What factors influence the Energy continuum?

Answer 65

The influence is based on the duration of exercise and the performer.

Question 66

What is the relationship between exercise intensity and anaerobic energy?

Answer 66

The more intense the exercise, the more anaerobic energy is produced.

Question 67

What happens to muscle glycogen during high-intensity exercise?

Answer 67

If exercise is high intensity and lasts over 2 minutes, both muscle glycogen and Cl will deplete and need repaying.

Question 68

What type of intensity is predominantly aerobic?

Answer 68

Low to medium intensity exercise is predominantly aerobic.

Question 69

How do high fitness levels affect anaerobic threshold?

Answer 69

High fitness levels delay anaerobic threshold and allow individuals to work aerobically for longer before fatigue.

Question 70

What is the effect of greater anaerobic fitness?

Answer 70

The greater the anaerobic fitness, the greater the tolerance to lactic acid.