2. Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What is the function of valves in the heart?

Answer 1

Valves prevent backflow of blood, keeping it flowing in one direction.

Question 2

What does the superior vena cava do?

Answer 2

The superior vena cava brings blood down to the heart.

Question 3

What does the inferior vena cava do?

Answer 3

The inferior vena cava brings blood up to the heart.

Question 4

What is the role of the pulmonary artery?

Answer 4

The pulmonary artery takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs to oxygenate it.

Question 5

What does the pulmonary vein do?

Answer 5

The pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Question 6

What is the function of the aorta?

Answer 6

The aorta carries oxygenated blood to the body.

Question 7

What are the layers of the heart?

Answer 7

The layers of the heart are: Epicardium, Myocardium, and Endocardium.

Question 8

What is the function of the Epicardium?

Answer 8

The Epicardium is the over protective layer of the heart.

Question 9

What is the function of the Myocardium?

Answer 9

The Myocardium is the muscular middle layer of the heart.

Question 10

What is the function of the Endocardium?

Answer 10

The Endocardium is the thin inner layer of the heart.

Question 11

What are the types of muscles?

Answer 11

The types of muscles are Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, and Cardiac muscle.

Question 12

What is maximal exercise?

Answer 12

Physical activity performed at the highest possible intensity an individual can achieve, pushing the body to the limit.

Question 13

What is the intensity level of maximal exercise?

Answer 13

At or near 100% of max effort / near maximal rate.

Question 14

What is the duration of maximal exercise?

Answer 14

Short.

Question 15

What are examples of maximal exercise?

Answer 15

Sprinting, lifting maximum weights.

Question 16

What are the benefits of maximal exercise?

Answer 16

Enhances max strength, speed, power, and can impair anaerobic capacity.

Question 17

What is sub maximal exercise?

Answer 17

Physical activity performed at an intensity less than 70-85% of max effort.

Question 18

What are the characteristics of sub maximal exercise?

Answer 18

1. INTENSITY - Less than 70-85% of max effort.
2. DURATION - Longer.

Question 19

What are examples of sub maximal exercise?

Answer 19

Brisk walk, jogging.

Question 20

What are the benefits of sub maximal exercise?

Answer 20

Improved cardiovascular health, endurance, overall fitness without excessive stress on the body.

Question 21

What is the cardiovascular system composed of?

Answer 21

The cardiovascular system is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Question 22

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 22

Its function is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and excrete waste products from all the cells.

Question 23

What is the heart?

Answer 23

The heart is a muscular organ.

Question 24

What is the function of the heart?

Answer 24

It supplies oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and helps remove carbon dioxide and other waste.

Question 25

What type of pump system does the heart use?

Answer 25

The heart uses a double pump system.

Question 26

What is the pulmonary circuit?

Answer 26

The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Question 27

What is the systemic circuit?

Answer 27

The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the body tissues and deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Question 28

What does the SA node do?

Answer 28

The SA node is the heart's natural pacemaker that sends an electrical signal to tell the heart to beat. The signal starts in the right atrium and causes the filling of the atrium.

Question 29

What is the role of the AV node?

Answer 29

The AV node slows the signal down slightly after the SA node causes the atria to contract, allowing the atria to empty fully before the ventricles contract.

Question 30

What happens after the signal reaches the AV node?

Answer 30

The signal transfers from the AV node to the Bundle of His, which splits into two branches, one for each ventricle.

Question 31

What is the function of the Bundle of His?

Answer 31

The Bundle of His transmits the electrical signal to the ventricles, allowing them to contract.

Question 32

What is heart rate?

Answer 32

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

Question 33

What is the average resting heart rate for males?

Answer 33

70 bpm.

Question 34

What is the average resting heart rate for females?

Answer 34

72 bpm.

Question 35

What is bradycardia?

Answer 35

A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 bpm.

Question 36

What is stroke volume?

Answer 36

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.

Question 37

How is stroke volume calculated?

Answer 37

SV = end diastolic volume (EDV) - end systolic volume (ESV).

Question 38

What is diastole?

Answer 38

The relaxation phase of the heart.

Question 39

What is systole?

Answer 39

The contraction phase of the heart.

Question 40

How is stroke volume determined?

Answer 40

Stroke volume is determined by venous return.

Question 41

What is venous return?

Answer 41

Venous return is the amount of deoxygenated blood returning to the heart via the veins.

Question 42

What happens to stroke volume if venous return increases?

Answer 42

If venous return increases, stroke volume also increases.

Question 43

What law explains the relationship between stroke volume and venous return?

Answer 43

The relationship is explained by Starling's law.

Question 44

What factors affect stroke volume?

Answer 44

Stroke volume is affected by the contractility of the myocardium and the heart's contraction.

Question 45

What is the formula for ejection fraction?

Answer 45

Ejection fraction = SV / EDV × 100.