1- Evolution and systematics

Question 1

gradual change at the genetic level of populations over the course of several generations

Answer 1

evolution

Question 2

occurs when new species arise from common ancestors via descent w modification

Answer 2

speciation

Question 3

evolutionary history of organisms

Answer 3

phylogeny

Question 4

represent descent from common ancestors

Answer 4

phylogenetic trees/cladograms

Question 5

study of evolutionary relationships

Answer 5

systematics

Question 6

arrange taxa in a hierarchical manner

Answer 6

cladograms

Question 7

(more ancient) groups appear first

Answer 7

basal

Question 8

(more recent) groups appear last

Answer 8

derived

Question 9

closely related taxon outside the taxon being studied

Answer 9

outgroup

Question 10

specific variations of a character

Answer 10

character states

Question 11

basal traits that appear before the outgroup

Answer 11

plesiomorphies

Question 12

derived traits that appear after the outgroup

Answer 12

apomorphies

Question 13

shared apomorphies (2 or more taxa)

Answer 13

synapomorphies

Question 14

apomorphies unique to a taxon

Answer 14

autapomorphies

Question 15

groups that include a recent common ancestor and all descendants

Answer 15

monophyletic groups

Question 16

group that leave out one or more descendants and are not valid taxonomically

Answer 16

paraphyletic

Question 17

states that the phylogeny which requires the fewest evolutionary changes is most likely; least no. of independent origins for a character state

Answer 17

parsimony

Question 18

characters or character states that share the same evolutionary origin

Answer 18

homologies