1. Gross Brain Stem/SC

Question 1

The forebrain (prosencephalon) which is rostral will divide to form?

Answer 1

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

Question 2

What will the Telencephalon and Diencephalon become? (2,3)

Answer 2

Telencephalon: cerebral hemispheres, lateral ventricles
Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, third ventricle

Question 3

The midbrain (mesencephalon) will form the mesencephalon which gives rise to what two things?

Answer 3

midbrain and cerebral aqueduct

Question 4

The hindbrain (rhombencephalon) will give rise to the metencephalon and myelencephalon, which gives rise to what? (3,2)

Answer 4

Metencephalon: pons, cerebellum, upper part 4th ventricle
Myelencephalon: medulla and lower part of 4th ventricle

Question 5

from rostral to caudal, what are the order of the cephalons?

Answer 5

telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon

Question 6

What 5 corticals are involved in the telencephalon?

Answer 6

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insular (deep)

Question 7

What separates the frontal and parietal lobe? How about the temporal from parietal and frontal?

Answer 7

central sulcus

sylvian/lateral sulcus

Question 8

What is the difference between sulcus and fissure?

Answer 8

sulcus is a groove

fissure is a deeper groove

Question 9

The paracentral lobule is deep to the central sulcus, what are its functions? (2)

Answer 9

motor and sensory of contralateral lower extremities

Question 10

Within the telencephalon is the corpus callosum, what are its functions? (3)

Answer 10

integrates motor, sensory and helps both hemispeheres communicate

Question 11

The cingulate gyrus is located where, which do limbic and memory and learning?

Answer 11

directly above the corpus callosum medially

Question 12

What does the calcarine sulcus divide? (in the occipital lobe)

Answer 12

cuneus gyrus and lingual gyrus

Question 13

What does the parietooccipital sulcus divide?

Answer 13

parietal and occipital lobes

Question 14

What lobe has the functions of personality, decision making, motor and speech?

Answer 14

frontal lobe

Question 15

The superior and inferior frontal sulcus divide the frontal lobe into what 3 divisions?

Answer 15

superior frontal gyrus
middle frontal gyrus
inferior frontal gyrus

Question 16

What two things make up the primary motor cortex?

Answer 16

precentral gyrus and anterior paracentral gyrus (infront of the central sulcus)

Question 17

What two things make up the precentral sulcus?

Answer 17

superior and inferior frontal sulcus

Question 18

The inferior frontal gyri has three parts: anterior to posterior are pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, pars opercularis. What makes up broca’s area?

Answer 18

pars opercularis and triangularis

Question 19

The homunculus (coronal section) is between the anterior paracentral gyrus and precentral gyrus and represents?

Answer 19

cortical distribution of somotosensory input of different body parts

Question 20

What two things make up the primary somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe?

Answer 20

postcentral gyrus and posterior paracentral gyrus

Question 21

The function of the parietal lobe is sensory and somatosensory association area. The lobe is split into superior and inferior parietal lobuels by the intraparietal sulcus, what is important of the inferior parietal lobule?

Answer 21

contains the supramarginal gyrus (ant) and angular gyrus (post) which make up wernicke’s area

Question 22

What lobe of the telencephalon has a function of processing and interpretation of auditory stimuli, memory and organizing/comprhending language?

Answer 22

temporal lobe

Question 23

Below the lateral fissure and anterior to the preoccipital notch, what 3 gyri can be found in the temporal lobe?

Answer 23

superior middle and inferior temporal gyri

Question 24

What is the function of the transverse temporal gyri?

Answer 24

primary auditory association cortex

Question 25

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 25

integrating and processing visual stimuli

Question 26

What can be found deep to the temporal lobe when reflecting the lateral fissure, whose functions are unclear?

Answer 26

insular lobe

Question 27

The insular lobe has caudal/long and rostral/short gyri which are separated by what?

Answer 27

central sulcus

Question 28

From an inferior view of the temporal lobe, the gyrus medial to the collateral sulcus, is called the what? which has an anteromedial part called the?

Answer 28

parahippocampal gyrus with the most anteromedial part called the uncus

Question 29

The basal ganglia or nuclei controls motor movements. What are some of the main components 7?

Answer 29

``` caudate nucleus substantia nigra subthalamic nucleus internal capsule putamen claustrum globus pallidus ```

Question 30

The optic nerve comes out in the diencephalon, what are the bulge and folds that can be found here?

Answer 30

``` anterior commissure (bulge) posterior commissure (fold) ```

Question 31

The thalamus and pineal gland are found in the diencephalon, with what other 2 important things under it?

Answer 31

hypothalamus | infundibulum (only posterior pituitary gland is from dien)

Question 32

The mesencephalon is the brain stem, which is above the pons and medulla. Here, the red nucleus, medial leminscus, crus cerebri and substantia nigra can be found anteriorly. What is found posteriorly? (2)

Answer 32

superior colliculus | spinothalamic tract

Question 33

In the mesencephalon, the oculomotor N exits medial to the what and from what fossa?

Answer 33

Both CNIII are medial to the cerebral peduncle (anterior side) and come from the interpeduncular fossa

Question 34

From a posterior view of the mesencephalon/midbrain, the superior and inferior colliculus can be found, where do they relay info to?

Answer 34

superior to lateral geniculate body | inferior to medial geniculate body (both bodys are part of the diencephalon)

Question 35

What is the dividing line between the midbrain and pons, which wraps around and comes out dorsally?

Answer 35

the tricky trochlear N

Question 36

The metencephalon or the pons has CN V coming from what?

Answer 36

cerebellar peduncle

Question 37

What 3 nerves come from the pontomedullary junction?

Answer 37

CN VI, VII, VIII

Question 38

What separates the facial colliculus and the vesitbular area of the pons?

Answer 38

sulcus limitans

Question 39

The cerebellar peduncle can be divided into what three things?

Answer 39

superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncle (posterior)

Question 40

the cerebellum is located posterior to the pons, and has what three important parts?

Answer 40

dentate nucleus in the middle | anterior and posterior lobes

Question 41

What separates the rhomboid fossa into superior (pontine) and inferior rhomboid fossa (medulla oblongata)? (posteriorly)

Answer 41

stria medullaris acoustica

Question 42

What is the difference between basilar and tegmentium pons? what exits from these?

Answer 42

basilar is anterior and is where trigeminal N leaves | tegmentium is posterior to where trigem N exits

Question 43

The medulla oblongata is in the myelencephalon which has an anterior median fissure, with pyramids on either side. What is lateral to the pyramids?

Answer 43

preolivary sulcus with the olive lateral to that

Question 44

What exits through the preolivary and postolivary sulucs?

Answer 44

hypoglossal through preolivary | glossopharyngeal, vagus and spinal from postolivary

Question 45

The inferior rhomboid fossa will come together in the medulla to form the obex. What are the three things below the obex? from lateral to medial

Answer 45

tubere cinereum cuneate tubercle gracile tubercle

Question 46

What are the continuations of the gracile tubercle and cuneate tubercle in the medulla?

Answer 46

fasciculus gracilis | fasciculus cuneatus

Question 47

The spinal cord spans from the foramen magnum to the L1/2 and is attached laterally and caudally by what?

Answer 47

denticulate ligaments and caudally by filum terminale

Question 48

In the spinal cord there is a anterior median fissure, and what 3 other septums?

Answer 48

posterolateral septum posterior median septum posterior intermediate septum

Question 49

White matter of the spinal cord surrounds the H which is gray matter. what are the 3 components of each?

Answer 49

White: anterior funiculus, lateral and posterior funiculus Gray: anterior, posterior horn and intermediate zone

Question 50

In the cervical region, the spinal cord is oval and have large AH/PH. In thoracics the SC is round and have small AH/PH with a lateral horn. What about lumbar and sacral SCs?

Answer 50

lumbar: round and large AH/PH, no lateral horn sacral: mainly gray matter

Question 51

The laminae of the spinal cord are different sections of the gray matter. Which laminae can be found anterior and posterior?

Answer 51

anterior: 8-9 posterior: 1-6