5. Neurotransmitter Systems

Question 1

Monoamine serotonin is derived from tryptophan and is located where, has what functions?

Answer 1

located at raphe nuclei

functions in mood and wakefulness

Question 2

Acetylcholine
Location:
Function:
Ionotropic Receptors:
Muscarinic Receptors:
Other

Answer 2

Location: Pons/midbrain
Function: Wakefulness/motor control (REM sleep)
Ionotropic Receptors: Nicotinic
Muscarinic Receptors: Muscarinic (M1-M5)
Other: Changing subunits changes properties of channel

Question 3

Acetylcholine is synthesized via choline and acetate and moved into clear vesicles via ?

Answer 3

vesicular Ach transporter protein (VAChT)

Question 4

How is acetylcholine removed from the synapse?

Answer 4

acetylcholinesterase bound to post synaptic cell membrane

Question 5

What are the two major inhibitory amino acids?

Answer 5

GABA (gamma-amino-butyric acid)

glycine

Question 6

GABA
Location:
Function:
Ionotropic Receptors:
Muscarinic Receptors:
Other

Answer 6

Location: Higher CNS (cortex/cerebellum)
Function: motor control / consciousness
Ionotropic Receptors: GABAa
Muscarinic Receptors: GABAb
Other: extrasynaptic receptors - anesthetics

Question 7

GABA is synthesize from glutamate via glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). How is GABA transported into vesicles and removed from synapse?

Answer 7

Transported via Vesicular GABA transporter protein (VGAT)

Removed via GAT1 and GAT2

Question 8

If GAT1 (which is on the presynaptic terminal) takes up GABA, then what happens?

Answer 8

GABA is repackaged into vesicles as is

Question 9

If GAT2 (which is on the astrocyte) takes up GABA at the synpatic cleft, GABA is converted to glutamine and then what?

Answer 9

released to ECF where it is taken into the presynaptic terminal and made back into glutamate to make GABA
(***KNOWN as glutamate shunt)

Question 10

What would happen regarding GABA if the astrocytes were not working?

Answer 10

an excess of glutamate is toxic and could kill the neuron

Question 11

What is the difference between IPSP and EPSP?

Answer 11

inhibitory post-synaptic potential

excitatiry postsynaptic potential

Question 12

GABAa receptor is ionotropic and produces an IPSP. What are some of the binding sites? 3

Answer 12

Benzodiazepine
ehtanol
some steriods

Question 13

What receptors have many extra synaptic receptors which are believed to be the site of action for general anesthetics such as propofol?

Answer 13

GABA a receptors

Question 14

GABAb receptors are metabotropic and have Gi and Go. Located presynaptically to regulate NT release and postsynaptically to inhibit cell. What does Gi and Go do?

Answer 14

activate K+ channel GIRK
close down (inhibit) Ca+ channel

Question 15

Glycine
Location:
Function:
Ionotropic Receptors:
Muscarinic Receptors:
Other

Answer 15

Location: Spinal Cord and Lower CNS (medulla)
Function: Spinal inhibitions
Ionotropic Receptors: GlyR
Muscarinic Receptors: None
Other

Question 16

How is glycine removed from the synapse?

Answer 16

GAT proteins - same as GABA

Question 17

Purines such as ATP/ADP/adenosine, ATP is made by mT and stored in vesicles via what?

Answer 17

VNUT protein

ATP to ADP to Adenosine in synaptic cleft

Question 18

Purines
Location:
Function:
Ionotropic Receptors:
Muscarinic Receptors:
Other

Answer 18

Location: Cortex/Cerebellum/Hippo/Basal Ganglia
Function: Adeosine: sleep/inhibition ATP: multiple
Ionotropic Receptors: P2X
Muscarinic Receptors: P1A P2Y
Other: has cotransmitter modulator

Question 19

P1A receptors only use adenosine. At post-synaptic locations it does sleep induction and inhibition, at presynpatic it does?

Answer 19

inhibition of NT release

Question 20

P2X use ATP and P2Y (Gs/Gq) use ATP/ADP/UDP/UTP for ligand. Whatre the main functions?

Answer 20

learning / memory

Question 21

Peptides transmitters: NT are peptides made in the soma and transported down the axon via fast axonal transport. Including what?

Answer 21

opiods

Question 22

What can be classified as endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins, or nociceptin?

Answer 22

opiods

Question 23

Opiods
Location:
Function:
Ionotropic Receptors:
Muscarinic Receptors:
Other

Answer 23

Location: Basal Ganglia, Hypothalamus, pons/medulla
Function: Analgesia , mood/affect
Ionotropic Receptors: None
Muscarinic Receptors: Mu, Delta, Kappa
Other: Peptide transmitters

Question 24

What are the four precursor molecules to opiods?

Answer 24

proopiomelanocortinin
Proenkephalin
Prodynorphin
Orphanin FQ

Question 25

Opiods are made via protein synthesis in the cell body and are removed from the synpatic cleft via reuptake and enzymatic destruction via?

Answer 25

enkephalinase | aminopeptidase

Question 26

Opiods use u-receptors (Mu) whose activation causes what 5 things?

Answer 26

``` analgesia respiratory depression euphoria constipation sedation ```

Question 27

Opiods also use kappa (K) receptors to produce what 2 things?

Answer 27

analgesia and dysphoria (unpleasant feeling)

Question 28

Opiods also bind delta receptors with the main affect of?

Answer 28

analgesia

Question 29

All opiod receptors are metabotropic (serpentine) and activate secondary messenger systems Gi and Go. What are the molecular affects of Mu Delta and Kappa?

Answer 29

Mu: increase in potassium efflux and hyperpolarization | Delta/Kappa: decrease calcium influx

Question 30

What are endogenous canabinoids? (2)

Answer 30

anandamide (bliss) 2-arachidonylglycerol (2AG)

Question 31

``` Endocannabinoids Location: Function: Ionotropic Receptors: Muscarinic Receptors: Other ```

Answer 31

Location: Basal ganglia, Spinal Cord, Cortex Function: mood/motor performance, nociception, neuroprotection Ionotropic Receptors: None Muscarinic Receptors: CB-1 Other: CB-2 receptor is anti-inflammatory

Question 32

Endocannabinoids are derived from membrane lipids (arachidonic acid) and occurs where?

Answer 32

presynaptic terminal

Question 33

CB1 receptor is found on pre-synpatic terminals of EAA and GABA and reduces their release via?

Answer 33

Gi coupled protein, both forms are equally effective

Question 34

CB2 receptor is on microglia, gut and immune system and acts as an antiinflammatory, which also increases what?

Answer 34

increases B-amyloid removal = help for alzheimers patients!