1. Growth of Industrialisation

Question 1

What are the 6 factors for this question?

Answer 1

• Laissez Faire Policies
• Non Laissez Faire Policies
• Growth of Banking
• Middle Class
• Geographical diversity
• Urbanisation

Question 2

Laissez Faire Policies

What were the 1799 and 1800 Combination Acts about?

Answer 2

They made it illegal to form unions, a response to weavers in Lancashire forming a union due to declining wages.

Question 3

Laissez Faire Policies

What was the purpose of the 1823 Master and Servant Act?

Answer 3

It aimed to punish those who failed to fulfill their work contracts, with imprisonment as a penalty.

Question 4

Laissez Faire Policies

What law regulating wages and working conditions since 1563 was repealed in 1813?

Answer 4

The Repeal of the Statutes of Artificers.

Question 5

Laissez Faire Policies

Which act, repealed in 1826, limited the number of joint-stock banks and encouraged the creation of larger ones?

Answer 5

The Banking Co-partnership Act of 1826 - which repealed the 1720 Bubble Act

Question 6

Laissez Faire Policies

In 1846, which protectionist laws were repealed, reducing government intervention in markets?

Answer 6

The 1815 Corn Laws.

Question 7

Non Laissez Faire Policies

What was the purpose of the 1844 Banking Charter Act?

Answer 7

It placed a cap of twenty years on the lifetime of new Joint Stock Banks.

Question 8

Non Laissez Faire Policies

How did the railways change transportation infrastructure in the 19th century?

Answer 8

They replaced slow canals and were developed by both private companies and government initiatives.

Question 9

Non Laissez Faire Policies

What was the significance of the Stockton-Darlington line opening in 1825?

Answer 9

It required an Act of Parliament to incorporate the company and allow the acquisition of lands for the project.

Question 10

Non Laissez Faire Policies

What power did the 1844 Railways Act give the government?

Answer 10

It gave the government the ability to nationalise railways if desired.

Question 11

Non Laissez Faire Policies

What role did the Factory Acts play in government intervention in industry

Answer 11

They demonstrated the government’s interest in ensuring the success of the industry by regulating working conditions and safety standards.

Question 12

Growth of Banking

How did the growth of banking extend beyond London in the late 18th century?

Answer 12

By 1784, there were already 119 banks outside of London, which expanded to 800 by 1808.

Question 13

Growth of Banking

What prompted the practice of depositing gold with Goldsmiths in exchange for paper guarantees of exchange?

Answer 13

After Charles I stole from the royal mint, people started depositing gold with Goldsmiths, leading to the issuance of paper guarantees of exchange.

By 1797, all banks could issue banknotes, providing an effective way for rural areas to pay employee wages.

Question 14

Growth of Banking

What impact did the 1826 Banking Co-partnership Act have on the number of Joint Stock Banks?

Answer 14

The number of Joint Stock Banks grew to 154 by 1856, with over 850 branches, following the passage of the act.

Question 15

Growth of Banking

Which was the first Joint Stock Bank, and when was it established?

Answer 15

The Lancashire Banking Company, created in October 1826, was the first Joint Stock Bank

Question 16

Growth of Banking

How did the Bank Charter Act of 1833 contribute to industry growth?

Answer 16

It allowed Joint Stock Banks in London to issue cheques, boosting industry.

Question 17

Growth of Banking

What significant developments in infrastructure were undertaken in the 1830s and 1840s?

Answer 17

In 1839, the Marquess of Bute built the docks at Cardiff Bay, while the Earl of Lonsdale constructed Whitehaven Harbour in Cumbria.

Question 18

Middle Class

How did the size of the industrial middle class change from 1816 to 1831?

Answer 18

It increased by 75%, growing from 160,000 to 214,000.

Question 19

Middle Class

What economic philosophy did self-made men of the middle class seek to apply?

Answer 19

They sought to apply the free market economics of Adam Smith, emphasising the “invisible hand” and prioritising profit in business.

Question 20

Middle Class

How did Richard Arkwright’s upbringing contrast with his later success?

Answer 20

Despite being the son of a tailor and unable to afford school, Arkwright amassed a fortune of £500,000 by his death in 1792, earning a knighthood in 1786.

Question 21

Middle Class

What inventions are associated with Richard Arkwright and Samuel Crompton?

Answer 21

Arkwright invented the water frame in 1769, while Crompton developed the Spinning Mule in 1779.

Question 22

Middle Class

What was the significance of Richard Crawshay in the context of the middle class?

Answer 22

Richard Crawshay, owner of Cyfartha ironworks at Merthyr Tydfil, employed 5000 people by 1830 and amassed wealth exceeding £200,000, illustrating the prosperity and influence of the middle class in industry.

Question 23

Geographical Diversity

What was the extent of Britain’s canal and waterway network by the 1820s?

Answer 23

There were approximately 4000 miles of canals and waterways used for trade.

Question 24

Geographical Diversity

How many miles of railways did Great Britain have by 1860?

Answer 24

Great Britain had 6000 miles of railways by 1860.

Question 25

Geographical Diversity

When did Britain’s canal network reach its maximum mileage?

Answer 25

The canal network reached its maximum mileage in 1858.

Question 26

Geographical Diversity

How did the mileage of railways change between 1812 and 1850?

Answer 26

By 1812, the mileage of railways was three times what it had been in 1850.

Question 27

Geographical Diversity

What transportation milestone was achieved in London by 1867?

Answer 27

By 1867, more coal reached London by railway than by sea for the first time.

Question 28

Urbanisation

How did Manchester’s population change from 1772 to 1831?

Answer 28

Manchester’s population increased from less than 25,000 in 1772 to 180,000 in 1831.

Question 29

Urbanisation

What was significant about the urban population growth in Britain by 1851?

Answer 29

By 1851, there were 29 cities with populations exceeding 50,000, compared to only two in 1750 (London and Edinburgh). London’s population had reached 2.3 million inhabitants.

Question 30

Urbanisation

What was the rate of population increase in urban areas between 1800 and 1850?

Answer 30

The population in urban areas increased by 27% every decade between 1800 and 1850.